稠油重质组分微生物降解作用研究进展  

Research advances in microbial degradation of heavy components in heavy oil

作　　者：王新伟[1,2] 蔡婷[2] 刘宇[2] 谭希[2] 

机构地区：[1]油气污染防治北京市重点实验室中国石油大学北京地球科学学院,北京102249 [2]中国石油大学北京地球科学学院,北京102249

出　　处：《生态环境学报》2013年第7期1255-1262,共8页Ecology and Environmental Sciences

基　　金：中国石油大学(北京)科研基金项目(KYJJ2012-01-24)

摘　　要：胶质、沥青质是稠油的重质组分,由于结构复杂和生物可利用性低,胶质、沥青质是稠油污染物进行微生物降解去除的瓶颈。在阐述胶质、沥青质化学结构和检测方法基础上,总结国内外有关稠油重质组分胶质、沥青质的生物降解作用,可为环境中稠油污染物的有效去除提供理论支持。调查表明:稠油胶质与沥青质化学结构质相似,均含多个芳香核,O、N、S等杂原子,主要区别在于稠环芳烃的聚合度不同,胶质中稠环的环数远小于沥青质;胶质以稳定的胶体分散状态存在于原油中,并与沥青质分子间形成络合物,聚结成大分子聚集体。目前已经筛选出可降解胶质、沥青质的菌株,包括细菌和真菌,但所筛菌种降解率仅为10%左右。针对稠油污染物的生物降解机理研究十分有限,多集中在稠油胶质、沥青质组分相对含量及功能基团的变化上。对于环境介质中相关组分环烷酸、咔唑类及噻吩类,已获得一些生物降解规律和途径,为胶质沥青质的生物去除提供了可能。鉴于生物表面活性剂对疏水性有机物在生物可利用性上具有增强作用,生物表面活性剂对胶质、沥青质生物降解的促进作用也已得到证实,报道的影响途径包括增加生物量、增强新陈代谢过程、改变摄取机制、参与共代谢以及影响细胞表面性质和菌体Zeta电位等,生物表面活性剂可使稠油胶质降解率提高10%以上。综上,未来应加强高效降解菌的筛选,深入探索胶质与沥青质生物降解的分子机理和影响因素,在提高其生物可利用性的作用途径上进行突破。Resins,asphaltenes are heavy components in heavy oil,as the complexity in structure and the low bioavailability,resins and asphaltenes are the bottle neck problems to the microbial-degradation for the removal of heavy oil pollutant.Based on expounding the chemical structure and test method of resins and asphaltenes and on combining the home and abroad research results related to biodegradation of resins and asphaltenes as heavy components in heavy oil,it could be provided as a theoretical support for the effective removal of viscous pollutant in the environment.As survey indicates： heavy oil’s resins and asphaltenes are similar in chemical structural substance,both contain multiple aromatic nucleuses,and atoms O,N,S,etc.,key distinction of which is at the different degree of polymerization of their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,where the content of condensed rings in resins is far less than such content in asphaltenes;resins is in a state of stable resinsal dispersion in the crude oil,which could form the complex compound with asphaltenes molecules,further they could be conglomerated to macromolecular aggregates.Currently the bacterial strain for degradation of resins and asphaltenes has been screened out to use,including bacteria and fungoid,but the degradation rate of such kind of selected strain is around 10%.The researches on the biodegradation mechanism to heavy oil pollutant is much limited,most of which focus on the relative content of components in resins,asphaltenes and on the change in their functional groups.For relevant components in environmental media such as naphthenic acid,carbazole and thiophene,some biodegradation rules and approaches have been developed,which give the opportunity to the bio-removal of resins and asphaltenes.Since the biosurfactant could be an enhancement for the bioavailability of hydrophobic organism,its stimulation to the biodegradation of resins and ashpaltene has been evident.The influencing manners reported including to,increase biomass,enhance metabolism process,cha

关 键 词：稠油 胶质 沥青质 生物降解 生物表面活性剂 

分 类 号：X172[环境科学与工程—环境科学]