类实在论对道德非认知主义的辩护及其缺陷  

The Quasi-realist Defense of Moral Non-cognitivism and Its Flaws

作　　者：亓学太[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京邮电大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《哲学研究》2013年第9期86-93,129,共8页Philosophical Research

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目"当代西方元伦理学的前沿问题专题研究"(编号10YJC720032);江苏省教育厅高校哲学社会科学研究基金资助项目"道德的哲学基础研究"(编号2012SJB720012)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：一、引言 伴随分析哲学的兴起，语言的意义演变为哲学研究的新正统，也由此使元伦理学研究的焦点转向了对道德语言的哲学分析。由艾耶尔、斯蒂文森、黑尔形塑的道德非认知主义传统代表了道德语言分析的典范。该理论主张，由于不存在所谓的道德事实，因此道德言辞的意义不在于道德叙事，而在于对主体情感态度的表达。与道德叙事主义（descriptivism）相比，道德非认知主义属于言语行动（speechact）意义理论。在它那里，任何道德句子都是执行对言语者情感态度表达的一个话语性行动，而不是对道德命题的言语表征。因此，“当我说某一种行动是善的或恶的时，我不是在进行任何事实性的陈述，甚至不是在对自己的心理事件进行陈述。我仅仅是在表达一定的道德情感”。Moral non-cognitivism maintains that the ' deep' meaning of moral utterances lies in expressing sentiments or attitudes,but not in describing moral facts.As well-known in metaethics literature,the most serious difficulty facing the theory is the so-called Frege-Geach problem,according to which it cannot easily account for the meaning of complex moral sentences and the logical validity of moral modus ponens.Blackburn's quasi-realism is an attempt to meet the challenge of the Frege-Geach problem.To model the semantic and syntactic structure of a moral sentence in expressivist terms,he first introduces the sentence operators H! and B! and then H! and T!,and then,by drawing on both the latter and Hintikka' models of deontic logic,develops a logic of attitudes.Despite the fact that on the surface level,the quasi-realist logic seems successful in depicting the meaning of moral discourses in technical sense,the scheme is flawed.It cannot account for the semantic and logical structures of complex moral sentences entirely in expressivist terms without leading to an infinite regress.So the quasi-realism fails as a solution to the Frege-Geach problem.

关 键 词：非认知主义 道德语言 实在论 缺陷 辩护 意义理论 言语行动 道德叙事 

分 类 号：B82-0[哲学宗教—伦理学]