欧盟转基因生物授权机制中的法律问题与改革  

EU Authorisation Regimes for GMOs: Legal Issues and Reforms

作　　者：张华[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京大学法学院中德法学研究所,210093

出　　处：《国际贸易问题》2013年第11期166-176,共11页Journal of International Trade

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学青年基金项目"欧盟对外关系法与中欧关系的和谐发展"(项目编号:11YJC820164;作者主持)

摘　　要：在风险预防原则的指引下,欧盟设置了严格的转基因生物授权机制。欧盟的授权机制主要适用于转基因生物的环境释放阶段,并且欧盟还专门针对转基因食品投放市场设立了授权机制,意在从源头上保障人类、动植物健康和环境。实践中,欧盟的授权机制集中暴露出三个方面的法律问题:欧盟委员会不作为的法律困境,成员国滥用"保护性条款",欧盟授权机制与WTO规则的冲突。《里斯本条约》生效所带来的"礼让机制"的改革,以及欧盟目前正在讨论中的立法提案将使欧盟机构更加顺畅地做出授权决策,同时赋予成员国在种植转基因生物方面更多的自主决定权。With the guidance of Precautionary Principle, EU sets up different regimes to regulate the authorisation of GMOs. These regimes are principally applicable to the stage where GMOs are scrutinized for release into the environment and placing into the market. Besides, EU sets up a specific authorisation regime for genetically modified foods in a bid to protect human and environment safety. However, three issues, including the European Commission＇s failure to act, Member States＇ abuse of safeguard clauses, and the conflict between EU authorisation regime and WTO rules, have been outstanding from the authorisation practices and even led to lawsuits. Fortunately, the new ＂comitology＂ procedure introduced with the Lisbon Treaty as well as the ongoing amendments to Directive 2001/18/EC are likely to help EU make authorisation decisions more swiftly than before, while simultaneously they will provide more legal basis for EU Member States to restrict or prohibit the cultivation of GMOs on their territory.

关 键 词：转基因生物 转基因食品 欧盟授权机制 风险预防原则 欧盟法 

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