An ecologically-based method for selecting ecological indicators for assessing risks to biological diversity from genetically-engineered plants  

作　　者：D.A.Andow Gabor L.Lvei Salvatore Arpaia Lewis Wilson Eliana M.G.Fontes Angelika Hilbeck Andreas Lang Nguyên Vǎn Tu't C.S.S.Pires E.R.Sujii Claudia Zwahlen A.N.E.Birch Deise M.F.Capalbo Kristina Prescott Celso Omoto Adam R.Zeilinger 

机构地区：[1]Department of Entomology,University of MinnesotaSt.Paul,MN 55108 USA [2]Aarhus University,Department of Agroecology,Flakkebjerg Research CentreForsφgsvej 1,DK-4200 Slagelse Denmark [3]ENEA-Research Centre TrisaiaS.S.106 Jonica Km 419,5,I-75026 Rotondella ( MT) ,Italy [4]CSIRO Cotton Research Unit-Myall Vale Wee Waa RoadMyall Vale NSW 2390 Australia [5]Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Biological Control Area,Parque Estao Biológica-PqEB Final W5 norte70770-900,Brasilia,DF [6]Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversittstrasse 16,CH-8092 Zurich,Switzerland [7]Institute of Environmental Geosciences,University of BaselBasel,Switzerland [8]Food Crops Research InstituteMARD,Hai Duong,Vietnam [9]Ecological Science Group,James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie,Dundee DD2 5DA,Scotland,UK [10]Embrapa Environment Rodovia SP 340,PO Box 69 Km 127.5Jaguariúna,SP,Brazil 13820-000 [11]Universidade de So Paulo-ESALQ Department of Entomology and AcarologyAv.Pádua Dias,11,13418-900 Piracicaba,SP,Brasil

出　　处：《生物安全学报》2013年第3期141-156,共16页Journal of biosafety

摘　　要：The environmental risks associated with genetically-engineered( GE) organisms have been controversial,and so have the models for the assessment of these risks. We propose an ecologically-based environmental risk assessment( ERA) model that follows the 1998 USEPA guidelines,focusing on potential adverse effects to biological diversity. The approach starts by( 1) identifying the local environmental values so the ERA addresses specific concerns associated with local biological diversity. The model simplifies the indicator endpoint selection problem by( 2) classifying biological diversity into ecological functional groups and selecting those that deliver the identified environmental values.( 3) All of the species or ecosystem processes related to the selected functional groups are identified and( 4) multi-criteria decision analysis( MCDA) is used to rank the indicator endpoint entities,which may be species or ecological processes. MCDA focuses on those species and processes that are critical for the identified ecological functions and are likely to be highly exposed to the GE organism. The highest ranked indicator entities are selected for the next step.( 5) Relevant risk hypotheses are identified. Knowledge about the specific transgene and its possible environmental effects in other countries can be used to assist development of risk hypotheses.( 6) The risk hypotheses are ranked using MCDA with criteria related to the severity of the potential risk. The model emphasizes transparent,expert-driven,ecologically-based decision-making and provides formal methods for completing a screening level-ERA that can focus ERA on the most significant concerns. The process requires substantial human input but the human capital is available in most countries and regions of the world.The environmental risks associated with genetically-engineered （GE） organisms have been controversial, and so have the models for the assessment of these risks. We propose an ecologically-based environmental risk assessment （ERA） model that follows the 1998 USEPA guidelines, focusing on potential adverse effects to biological diversity. The approach starts by （ 1 ） identifying the local environmental values so the ERA addresses specific concerns associated with local biological diversity. The model simplifies the indicator endpoint selection problem by （2） classifying biological diversity into ecological functional groups and selecting those that deliver the identified environmental values. （3） All of the species or ecosystem processes related to the selected functional groups are identified and （4） multi-criteria decision analysis （MCDA） is used to rank the indicator endpoint entities, which may be spe- cies or ecological processes. MCDA focuses on those species and processes that are critical for the identified ecological functions and are likely to be highly exposed to the GE organism. The highest ranked indicator entities are selected for the next step. （5） Rele- vant risk hypotheses are identified. Knowledge about the specific transgene and its possible environmental effects in other countries can be used to assist development of risk hypotheses. （6） The risk hypotheses are ranked using MCDA with criteria related to the severity of the potential risk. The model emphasizes transparent, expert-driven, ecologically-based decision-making and provides formal methods for completing a screening level-ERA that can focus ERA on the most significant concerns. The process requires sub- stantial human input but the human capital is available in most countries and regions of the world.

关 键 词：生物多样性 基因工程植物 风险评估 生态指标 基础 环境风险评价 生态系统过程 环境价值 

分 类 号：X171[环境科学与工程—环境科学]