被妖魔化的群体——清中期江南基层社会中的“刁生劣监”  

A Demonized Group: The Cunning Scholars and Bad Intellectuals in Jiangnan Grass-root Society in the Middle Qing Dynasty

作　　者：马俊亚[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京大学中华民国史中心

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2013年第6期52-61,155-156,共10页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：江苏省高校哲学社会科学重点研究项目(2011ZDIXM014)

摘　　要：历史叙事中的"刁生劣监"基本等同乡村恶棍,与其在实际生活中的作为有着较大的差别。朝廷和官员们对刁生劣监的叙述和评判,主要出于政治考量和利益因素。清王朝进入中期后,各种社会矛盾频发,不择手段地维护政权稳定,消灭具有社会动员能量的群体,是专制政权的头等大事。在涉及维稳这一核心利益时,中央政府不得不默许地方官员违反法制,侵害民众的合法权益。中央政府无法解决社会弊病和制造社会弊端的体制及腐败官员,只能打击这些弊病的揭露者和利用者。这种做法一方面进一步放任并激发了地方官员违法渔民的犯罪动机,更不利于清政权的稳定;另一方面,极大地削弱了中央政府的权威,败坏了法治,使道咸以后的最高统治者越来越被地方官员所藐视,为随时发生的政治动乱埋下了祸根。而当各种危机显露后,专制政府需要一个被妖魔化的群体,作为不良政体和执政无能的替罪羊,承担社会积弊的罪责,"刁生劣监"基本是由于这一目的而被塑造出来的。In traditional Chinese historical narrative,Diaosheng liejian( cunning scholars and bad intellectuals) were principally equal to rural villains. Their images were considerably diverse to what they did in real life. The description and evaluation for Diaosheng liejian from the central government and local officials were mainly dependent on political standards and interest factors. Because various social contradictions occurred in the middle Qing Dynasty,employing unscrupulous tactics to maintain political stability and eliminate social figures with mobilization ability was a top priority for the regime. The central government was unable to solve the problems of society and outrageous social system as well as corrupted officials,instead of choosing an easy and ineffective way to crack down on whom exposed and exploited those abuses to struggle for their own benefits.

关 键 词：刁生劣监 官僚集团 专制政体 执政能力 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学] D691[历史地理—中国史]