浙江余杭茅山遗址古稻田耕作遗迹研究  

STUDIES ON THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PADDY FIELDS AT MAOSHAN SITE IN ZHEJIANG

作　　者：郑云飞[1] 陈旭高[1] 丁品[1] 

机构地区：[1]浙江省文物考古研究所,杭州310014

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2014年第1期85-96,共12页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：浙江省财政厅;国家文物局文物保护创新联盟项目(批准号:20120230);科技部国家科技支撑计划项目(批准号:2010BAR67B03和2013BAR08B03)共同资助

摘　　要：通过大范围、多地点的钻孔调查,在浙江余杭茅山居住遗址周围发现了大面积新石器时代晚期的稻田耕作遗迹。基于土壤的植物种子和硅酸体分析,对古稻田生态进行了复原,对当时稻田生产力水平进行了评估。分析结果显示,新石器时代晚期的稻田土壤中除了稻谷遗存,还发现有27种其他植物种实遗存,呈现出湿地稻作的农田植被生态景观。良渚文化晚期和广富林文化时期的稻田土壤植物种子库密度分别为5400粒/m^2和17138粒/m^2,比新石器时代中期稻田土壤中的密度明显减少,表明新石器时代晚期稻作农耕技术和管理水平有较大的进步。在良渚文化晚期和广富林文化时期的稻田植物群落中,多年生植物种群分别占68.18%和61.54%,水生、湿生植物种群分别占63.64%和65.38%。稻田土壤中高密度的炭屑以及以多年生和水生、湿生植物为主的植物群落构成表明没有深耕的火耕水耨可能是当时农田的主要耕作方式。良渚文化晚期和广富林文化时期的稻田土壤水稻硅酸体密度很高,分别为47000粒/g和42000粒/g,平均达44000粒/g。根据硅酸体与稻谷重量的关系,初步估算茅山遗址新石器时代晚期的单位面积产量约为141kg/亩,比该地区新石器时代中期稻田生产力有显著的提高。During excavating the late Neolithic Maoshan site（30°25＇43＇＇N, 120°15,54,E）,located at Yuhang,Zhejiang, the paddy fields associated with the occupation were explored, through the investigations of 203 boring sites covered an about 700m long and 230m wide range, and the paddy fields covered about 55000m2 were distinguished,based on the results of phytolith and plant seed analysis for the boring samples. Not only rice remains,but plant seeds over 27 species were detected in the excavated paddy fields, showed an ecological landscape of vegetation of paddy fields. The seed banks of paddy fields of the late Liangzhu and the Guangfulin cultural periods, were 5400 ind/m2 and 17138 ind/m2, being less than those of the mid-Neolithic age, indicated people had have higher levels of the techniques and field managements for rice cultivation. In the floristie communities of the late Liangzhu, and the Guangfulin paddy fields,perennial species accounted for 68. 18% and 61.54%,and aquatic or hygrophyte species accounted for 63.64% and 65.38%, respectively. The dense charcoals and the floristic communities dominated by perennial and aquatic or hygrophyte species, suggested that the burn cultivation and watering weeds without deep tilling was a main farming method. The results of phytolith analysis showed that there were a large number of rice phytoliths in the stratigraphic layers of both the late Liangzhu and Guangfulin paddy fields, being 47000 grains/g and 42000 grains/g, averaged 44000 grains/g. According to the ratio of rice spikelet weight to a phytolith, 141kg/mu yield of the paddy fields in the Maoshan site were calculated out. The datum indicated that the paddy fields of the late Neolithic age had higher yields than those of the middle Neolithic age.

关 键 词：茅山遗址 稻田遗迹 农田生态 耕作方式 土地生产力 

分 类 号：K871.13[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] Q914.9[历史地理—历史学]