19世纪末欧洲国际法中的“文明”标准  

The Civilization Standard of International Law in 19th Century Europe

作　　者：刘文明[1] 

机构地区：[1]首都师范大学历史学院文明区划研究中心,全球史研究中心,教授北京100089

出　　处：《世界历史》2014年第1期32-42,159,共11页World History

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目"世界历史进程中多元文明互动与共生研究"(项目批号08JZD0037);国家社会科学基金项目"中日甲午战争的英美报刊舆论研究"(项目批号13BSS009)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：19世纪末,欧洲国际法学家明确地以欧洲"文明"来衡量世界各国的国际行为及法律权利,从而在国际法中形成了一套规范国际关系的"文明"标准。按这一标准,世界上的国家被划分为"文明"、"野蛮"和"蒙昧"等不同类别,不同类别的国家获得不同的国际承认,具有不同的法律人格和法律地位,在国际法上享有不同的权利和义务。"野蛮"和"半野蛮"("半文明")国家被排除在国际法适用范围和西方国家主导的"国际社会"之外,从而建构出一种国际法意义上的等级性世界秩序。这一秩序是西方列强向帝国主义过渡时为其瓜分世界和殖民统治寻找法理依据而建构起来的,通过西方列强与非西方国家的互动而形成。就其思想渊源而言,是欧洲国际法传统中"自我"与"他者"二元思维的产物。In late 19 th century,European jurists explicitly valuated the international practice and legal rights in terms of European civilization,so that a civilization standard of international law in accordance with the rule of international relations took shape.According to this standard,countries in the world were classified into different levels such as 'civil', 'barbaric' or 'uncivil'.Countries in different levels acquired different levels of international acknowledgement.Those countries which were tagged on 'barbaric' and 'uncivil' were excluded out of the 'International Community',which was in reign of international laws and western countries.Then,a hierarchical world order in the sense of international law had been constructed.It was built when the western powers were aiming at searching for legal reasons to divide the world and achieve the colonial rule in the transition period to imperialism.It was built via interaction between western powers and non-western countries.However,from the perspective of the origin of thought,it was the product of binary thinking between ' selfhood' and 'others' in the tradition of European international laws.

关 键 词：19世纪末 欧洲 国际法 文明标准 

分 类 号：D99[政治法律—国际法学]