Unexpected phenotypes of malformations induced in Xenopus tropicalis embryos by combined exposure to triphenyltin and 9-cis-retinoic acid  

作　　者：Jingmin Zhu Lin Yu Lijiao Wu Lingling Hu Huahong Shi 

机构地区：[1]State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University [2]Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration, Department of Environmental Science, East China Normal University

出　　处：《Journal of Environmental Sciences》2014年第3期643-649,共7页环境科学学报（英文版）

基　　金：supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21277049);the State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research(No.2012KYYW04)

摘　　要：Xenopus tropicalis embryos were exposed for 48 hr to the mixtures of 5 μg Sn/L triphenyltin （TPT）, which is a well-known endocrine disruptor, and 0.25-5 μg/L 9-cis retinoic acid （9c-RA）, which is the natural ligand of retinoid X receptor. The phenotypes induced by combined exposure were more variable than those resulting from single exposure to either TPT or 9c-RA. The prominent phenotypes included underdeveloped head structures, abnormal eyes, narrow fins, enlarged proctodaeum, etc. Especially, combined exposure induced unexpected notochord malformations, which ranged from small swellings of the surface of the tails to the extension and extrusion of notochord out of the posterior tails. Compared with the 5 μg Sn/L TPT-treated group, the index of fin deficiency was not affected, and the index of axis deficiency was significantly increased with increasing RA concentrations in the mixtures. Our results suggest that combined exposure to TPT and 9c-RA induced not only more variable phenotypes of malformations than exposure to single compound but also some new and unexpected phenotypes.Xenopus tropicalis embryos were exposed for 48 hr to the mixtures of 5 μg Sn/L triphenyltin （TPT）, which is a well-known endocrine disruptor, and 0.25-5 μg/L 9-cis retinoic acid （9c-RA）, which is the natural ligand of retinoid X receptor. The phenotypes induced by combined exposure were more variable than those resulting from single exposure to either TPT or 9c-RA. The prominent phenotypes included underdeveloped head structures, abnormal eyes, narrow fins, enlarged proctodaeum, etc. Especially, combined exposure induced unexpected notochord malformations, which ranged from small swellings of the surface of the tails to the extension and extrusion of notochord out of the posterior tails. Compared with the 5 μg Sn/L TPT-treated group, the index of fin deficiency was not affected, and the index of axis deficiency was significantly increased with increasing RA concentrations in the mixtures. Our results suggest that combined exposure to TPT and 9c-RA induced not only more variable phenotypes of malformations than exposure to single compound but also some new and unexpected phenotypes.

关 键 词：Xenopus tropicalis embryos triphenyltin teratogenicity retinoic acid notochord 

分 类 号：X174[环境科学与工程—环境科学]