基因组学在作物抗逆性研究中的新进展  

Advances in applications of genomics in stress resistance studies of crops

作　　者：贾琪[1] 吴名耀[1] 梁康迳[1] 孙新立[1] 林文雄[1] 

机构地区：[1]福建农林大学作物科学学院作物遗传育种与综合利用教育部重点实验室,福州350002

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报》2014年第4期375-385,共11页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：福建省教育厅科技计划项目(JK2013013);中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2013M540527);教育部留学回国人员科研启动基金项目;教外司留[2013]1792号项目资助

摘　　要：自然环境中各种生物和非生物胁迫是影响作物产量的巨大威胁。随着现代分子生物学的发展,从分子水平研究作物抵御逆境的机理已成为生态农业研究的一个重要任务,分子遗传学与生态学的整合诞生了生态基因组学即用基因组学的技术和手段研究生态学领域的问题。基因组学按其研究内容分为功能基因组学、结构基因组学和比较基因组学,本文从这3方面分别阐述了作物抵抗生物胁迫和非生物胁迫的生态基因组学研究进展,总结了基因组学在植物抗逆性研究中的一些新技术和新手段,特别是基于近几年发展起来的二代深度测序所带来的一系列高通量的检测方法与结果。①功能基因组学包含转录组学、表观遗传学、蛋白组学、相互作用组学、代谢组学和表型组学,本文侧重从植物抗逆的功能基因表达水平上的研究展开,重点探讨了转录组学和表观遗传学在植物抗逆研究的新进展,介绍了一些转录组学和表观遗传学研究技术,如基因芯片技术、RNA测序技术、SAGE、cDNA-AFLP、SSH、亚硫酸盐法、ChIP-Chip、ChIP-seq等;例举了一些转录因子基因家族在植物抗逆反应中的作用,总结其作用共性,结果表明不少抗逆基因受到胁迫后基因转录激活上有一定相关性,大多受激素信号转导途径所调控,很多抗逆途径最终都涉及到ABA信号传导通路并与衰老相关;植物的抗逆性受多个信号通路调控,对同一逆境响应常常需要不同的转录因子共同参与,而同一转录因子也有可能参与2个以上的不同抗逆反应;表观遗传学则指在不改变基因序列前提下,对DNA甲基化修饰、组蛋白翻译后修饰及小RNA介导的信号传导等,有证据表明其存在遗传印记作用。②结构基因组学主要利用QTL定位和DNA测序技术,确定植物基因组的遗传图谱和物理图谱,二代深度测序平台的建立使许多植物的全基因组测序成为�Various biotic and abiotic environmental stresses threaten the productivity of crops. With the development of molecular biology, crop stress research has changed to focus on the regulation mechanisms of stress tolerance at molecular scale, the field today known as ecogenomics. Ecogenomics ecologically integrated the various disciplines of genomic approaches. Here, we reviewed some recent progresses in ecogenomic researches on crop response to biotic and abiotic stresses under the three classes of functional genomics, structural genomics and comparative genomics. Not only the methodologies, but also the applications of genomics in crop stress tolerance were summarized. Specifically, high-throughput approaches based on next generation sequencing were scrutinized. ① Functional genomics, as treated in this review, included transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, interactomics, metabolomics and phenomics. We focused on advances in plant response to stress at gene expression level, which belonged to transcriptomics and epigenomics. A series of vital techniques were introduced, including microarray, RNA-seq, serial analysis of gene expression （SAGE）, suppression-substractive hybridization （SSH）, bisulfite method, chromatin immunoprecipitation-chip （ChiP-Chip） and ChiP-seq. Recent research results were also discussed, including the functions of transcription factors in crop stress tolerance. It showed that expression of a plant stress factor was regulated by the interaction of the factor with other stress factors of the crop. Several plant stress factors acted in the plant hormone signal transduction pathways. This was more evident for ABA pathway and senescence process as a consequence of stress. It seemed that plants required several transcription factors for the same stress response, whereas the same transcription factor could be involved in different stress responses. Epigenetic studies of epigenetic modifications of genetic materials were about the prevention of change in DNA sequences. Among o

关 键 词：环境 生物胁迫 非生物胁迫 作物 基因组学 生物信息学 

分 类 号：Q943[生物学—植物学] Q948