山体破碎的例证:人为活动对热带安第斯山景观的生态效应  

Breaking Mountain Paradigms: Ecological Effects on Human Impacts in Man-aged Tropandean Landscapes

作　　者：Fausto O.Sarmiento 刘艳萍 

机构地区：[1]美国阿森斯佐治亚大学

出　　处：《AMBIO－人类环境杂志》2000年第7期423-431,460,共9页

摘　　要：对于拥有北安第斯山脉新月状地块和世界上最大生态多样性和文化多样性居住环境的国家来说,由于对热带安第斯山区云林砍伐率的不同记载及各类土地的不同利用程度,使得我们很难预测出一个适应当地的保护方案。古代人类活动对土地和野生动物有很大影响,再加上现代过度的土地利用方式,使得热带安第斯山不仅丧失了其耕作土壤的营养成分和有机物质,而且几乎耗尽了其所有蓄水量和其它资源。这些资源包括渔业资源、森林资源、矿产资源、农业资源以及山区人民在政府资助下经营的畜牧业资源。如今大批年轻人涌入城市更加剧了农村生活质量的恶化。随之产生了如边界、贫穷以及忽略文化景观等一系列问题。正是鉴于这一严峻形势,提出了新的保护措施。从这些措施中也反映出,我们急需对当前山区研究的一些范例进行适当调整。我们这里以安第斯山各国(主要是厄瓜多尔)为例,来说明热带生态学的规律。这些措施在具体实践中运用起来仍很模糊,不过在一些有关热带山区的学术作品中有较为清晰的阐述,而且还提出了景观整体效益的观点。因此,垂直度、边际值、中心效应、权力和暴力、扩张、宗教和神话以及种族优越性都被看作是山地学的常规例证,而这些例证又必须根据安第斯山区的现代环境观进行重新检测。The rate at which deforestation of montane cloud forests of the Tropical Andes is documented, and the extent of different productive land uses in those areas, make it difficult to forecast appropriate conservation scenarios for countries that occupy the crescent of the Northern Andes abode of one of the richest biological and cultural diversity of the world. Because of ancient human impacts on soils and wildlife, as well as current intensive land-use practices, Tropandean landscapes are being depleted not only of nutrients and organic matter in cultivated soils, but also water catchment and other resources, including fisheries, forestry, mining, agriculture, and livestock that mountain peoples are producing as a result of the governmental policies of subsidized capital inputs. The exodus of young people to the cities in the Andean world exacerbates the deterioration of the rural quality of life and brings issues of marginality, poverty, and neglect into the cultural landscape. In view of this critical situation, novel conservation approaches are suggested, reflecting needed changes to contemporary paradigms of mountain studies; with the use of case examples from Andean countries, mainly Ecuador, are questioned axioms of tropical ecology. These are less clear in the field than in the scanty literature on tropical mountains, offering a holistic view of the Tropandean landscape. Hence, verticality, marginality, centrality, power and violence, expansion, religion and myth, ethnic pride and inspiration, are seen as conventional paradigms of montology that have to be re-examined in light of modern environmental thought in the Andes.

关 键 词：热带 安第斯山脉 人类活动 山体破碎 景观 生态效应 

分 类 号：X144[环境科学与工程—环境科学] X171