石油污染湿地中长链烷烃的微生物降解研究进展  

Research Progress of Microbial Degradation of Long-chain Alkanes in Wetlands Contaminated by Petroleum

作　　者：马秋莎[1] 刘硕[1] 王继富[1] 张莹[1] 

机构地区：[1]黑龙江省普通高等学校地理环境遥感监测重点实验室,哈尔滨师范大学,黑龙江哈尔滨150025

出　　处：《湿地科学》2014年第2期243-250,共8页Wetland Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41071332);黑龙江省教育厅科学技术研究项目(11541099);教育部高校博士点基金项目(20122329120002);哈尔滨市科技创新人才研究专项资金项目(2013RFQXJ132)资助

摘　　要：综合阐述了石油污染湿地长链烷烃的微生物降解研究的国内外进展。对长链烷烃的微生物降解机制、影响微生物降解长链烷烃的湿地环境要素、生物表面活性剂和群落结构及近十几年微生物降解长链烷烃的研究等进行了系统讨论。综述表明,从生理生化观察到分子生物学的引入,微生物降解长链烷烃有了突破性的进展;从分子角度来看,好氧微生物和厌氧微生物对长链烷烃不同的降解机制,决定于各自起关键作用的酶;随着长链烷烃降解酶基因序列的确定,基因工程菌成为长链烷烃降解微生物的研究热点;构建出环境适应性强且长链烷烃降解效率高的基因工程菌或者群落,可以有效地应用于石油污染湿地。针对不同石油污染湿地类型,提出相应的修复方案。在采用微生物修复法进行石油污染湿地修复时,应充分考虑湿地生态系统的环境特点和石油污染实际情况。目前,完善长链烷烃降解酶基因库仍是微生物降解长链烷烃的重要研究内容。Research progress of microbial degradation of long-chain alkanes in the wetlands contaminated by petroleum was expounds in this paper. The research results on biodegradation mechanisms, environmental fac- tors, biosurfactants and microbe community structure, and microbial degradation of long-chain alkanes in the wetlands for recent 10 years were summarized. The review results showed that from the observation of physio- logical and biochemical to molecular biology introduction, the researches on biodegradation of long-chain al- kanes have reached breakthrough progress; the degradation mechanisms of aerobic and anaerobic microbes on long-chain alkanes depended on their enzymes which played a key role. After long-chain alkanes enzyme gene sequence was confirmed, the researches on gene engineering bacteria became the hot spot of microbe de- grading long-chain alkanes. The gene engineering bacteria or communities with strong environmental adapt- ability and high efficiency on long-chain alkanes degradation were built, which could be effectively used in the wetlands polluted by petroleum. For different types of the wetlands polluted by petroleum, the restoration programs for them were put forth. When microbial remediation method was adopted to restore the polluted wetlands, the environmental characteristics of wetland ecosystem and oil pollution facts should be considered fully. At present, to improve gene bank of enzyme for long-chain alkanes degradation was still the important work of microbial degradation of long-chain alkanes.

关 键 词：石油污染 湿地 长链烷烃 微生物降解 基因 酶 

分 类 号：X172[环境科学与工程—环境科学]