中国乡村建设的百年历程及其历史逻辑——基于国家和社会的关系视角  

China rural construction path and historical logic in the past century:Based on the "state and society" perspective

作　　者：郭海霞[1] 王景新[1] 

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学农村研究中心,浙江金华321004

出　　处：《湖南农业大学学报（社会科学版）》2014年第2期74-80,共7页Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：教育部人文社科青年项目(12YJC840008)

摘　　要：基于国家和社会的关系视角，将中国乡村建设的百年历程分为清末民初的乡村自治、20世纪20～40年代的乡村建设、1953—1978年“乡村社会主义改造”、以家庭承包制为核心的乡村建设、2005年至今的新农村建设五个阶段进行梳理。清末民初的乡村建设，中央权力日益式微，“乡村自治”成为主要路径，并延续了传统的士绅治理模式，但军阀混战和社会动荡，使传统的以地方精英为中心的社会整合秩序遭到破坏。20世纪20～40年代，国家和社会均弱，主要靠外部资源输入进行乡村建设，晏阳初、梁漱溟、黄炎培等知识分子领导进行了声势浩大的乡村建设运动，南京国民政府推行的农村复兴运动、中国共产党领导的革命根据地乡村建设运动，则被整合进各自的政权建设。新中国成立后，国家强势推进“乡村社会主义改造”，传统的国家、士绅和农民三角关系变成国家和农民的双边关系，由于资源输入城市，乡村建设基本停滞。1978年至20世纪90年代中期，国家推行家庭联产承包责任制，乡村社会自由发展空间增大。为破解“三农”困境，国家在2005年提出“社会主义新农村建设”战略，政府成为乡村建设的主导力量，乡村建设获得大量政府资源。未来乡村建设应正确摆正政府角色和职能，充分发育“乡村社会”以制衡政府扩张；应与文化建设相为表里，进行包括制度改革、人力与物力资源整合、技术创新、环境保护等诸多方面的整体性建设。Based on the ＂state and society＂ perspective, hundred years course of China rural construction can be divided into five historical stages. In the late Qing Dynasty and early period of Republic of China, the central government power declined, rural autonomy became the main path. But warlords and social unrest made the traditional social integration order which was centered by the local elite destroyed. During 1920s-1930s, the state and society were weak, Yan Yangchu, Liang Shuming, Huang Yanpei and other intellectuals led a great rural construction movement. The rural revival movement led by Nanjing National Government and the rural construction movement in the revolutionary base led by Chinese Communist Party were integrated into their respective regime construction. After the founding of new China, the government aggressively carried out the socialist transformation of the countryside. The triangular relationship between the state, gentry and farmers had been replaced by the bilateral relationship between the state and farmers. Resources had been inputted in city, rural construction basically stagnated. From 1978 to the mid 1990＇s, the government implemented household contract responsibility system, rural society won freer rein. To solve the ＂three rural＂ dilemma, the central government put forward the ＂new socialist countryside＂ strategy in 2005. The government has become the leading force of rural construction, and rural construction had obtained a large number of government resources. To further the rural construction, we should first have proper understanding of the role and function of government, cultivate the ＂full development of rural society＂ so as to balance the expansion of government. Secondly, we should integrate rural construction with cultural construction, and carry out a comprehensive project including institutional reform, integration of human and material resources, technological innovation, environmental protection and many other aspects.

关 键 词：乡村建设 百年历程 历史逻辑 国家 社会 

分 类 号：C911[经济管理]