中国外来海洋生物及其影响  

Alien marine species and their impacts in China

作　　者：梁玉波[1] 王斌[2] 

机构地区：[1]国家海洋局海洋环境保护研究所,大连116023 [2]国家海洋局海洋环境保护司,北京100860

出　　处：《生物多样性》2001年第4期458-465,共8页Biodiversity Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金 ( 30 0 70 12 4);国家重点基础研究发展规划项目 (G19990 12 0 0 0 );中国科学院实验海洋生物学开放实验室( 0 0 12 17G);国家海洋局科技项目 ( 2 0 0 1);国家海洋局青年科技基金 ( 2 0 0 0 )资助

摘　　要：到目前为止 ,我国已从国外引进了鱼类 10种、虾类 2种、贝类 9种、棘皮动物 1种、藻类 4种进行海水养殖 ;引进了抗盐植物 2种进行盐碱地栽培 ;海洋水族馆业的发展 ,引进了数百种观赏性海洋生物 ;航运业中的船体附着及压舱水排放 ,无意中带入了几百种外来海洋生物。首先 ,外来海洋入侵生物与土著海洋生物争夺生存空间与食物 ,危害我国土著海洋生物的生存。其次 ,海洋外来生物通过与亲缘关系接近的物种进行杂交 ,降低我国海洋土著生物的遗传质量 ,造成遗传污染。再次 ,外来海洋生物可能带来病原生物 ,对海洋生态环境造成巨大的危害。此外 ,近些年来 ,我国沿海赤潮越来越严重 。About 30 species of exotic marine organism have been introduced to China for mariculture and planting at present, including ten species of fish, two species of shrimp, nine species of mollusks, one species of echinnoderm, four species of alga and two species of halophytic weeds. Among the alien mariculture species, only a few of them such as kelps, Laminaria japonica and Undaria pinnatifidab, and scallops, Argopecten irradians and Patinopecten yessoensis, have been developed into industries and brought big economic value. Most of them have failed to succeed in culture and perhaps produced potentially adverse impacts on native marine ecosystems. Over 27 aquaria have been built in the coastal cities in China in the last decades, and hundreds of marine ornamental plants and animals were imported and exhibited in these aquaria. Hundreds of exotic species were transported to the harbors by ship hull fouling, boring, dry and semi dry ballast, and water ballast in China. The alien marine species have produced a great deal of destructive impact on the native marine eco-environment. First, the exotic marine species compete with natives. For example, Spartina anglica was introduced to Fujian Province coast from Britain and cultured on the beach, but the weed has exiled native fish, shrimp and mollusks and killed the mangrove on the beach in the past years. The decline of the native echinoderm, Strongylocentrotus nudus, on the coast in Dalian corresponds closely with the arrival of another echinoderm, Strongylocentrotus intermedius , from Japan, which was introduced in 1989 for mariculture and can compete for food with the native urchin. Second, mating between some alien and native species can lead to an extinction of the native marine species by replacement of its genes. For example, the Japanese scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis , can hybridize with the native species, Chlamys farreri , because they have a similar propagation period and have completed hybridization in the laboratory. Thir

关 键 词：中国 海洋生物 海洋生态环境 环境影响 赤潮 

分 类 号：Q178.53[生物学—水生生物学]