商朝国家结构与国土构造  

A study on the State Structure and territory Formation of Yin Shang dynasty

作　　者：周书灿[1] 

机构地区：[1]河南大学历史文化学院,河南开封475001

出　　处：《殷都学刊》2001年第4期10-16,共7页Yindu Journal

摘　　要：殷商时期，商王朝与四土诸侯、方伯之间的关系呈现出颇为复杂且 不稳定的特点。殷商王朝与附属型诸侯、方伯之间的特殊的权利与义务关系的逐步加强使得 殷商王朝的政治制度逐步摆脱殷以前的原始性与松散性，从而使其逐步向日渐成熟和 完备的方向发展。目前学术界流行的商王朝掌握对诸侯的任免权及对臣僚的监察权的说法， 并不符合殷商时期的历史实际。商王朝与敌对型诸侯、方伯之间关系中的“作邑”与西周时 期的封邦建国之制既有一定的联系，又有着实质性的差异。商王朝在一些军事要地尤其是边 境地区屯驻师旅的制度与西周时期设置诸监的制度颇为相似，是殷商王朝加强对四土经营的 一项重要战略性措施，它反映了商代国家结构及政治制度方面仍然具有一定的的原始性。殷 商王朝与四土的关系表明，商代四土之地已经逐步成为商代政治地理的重要组成部分。殷商 王朝是一个由邑土国家逐步向领土国家过渡的发展中的早期国家，并非是一个完全拥有四 土之境的疆域辽阔的领土国家，更不是大一统的中央集权制的奴隶制大帝国。：The relation between Yin Shang dynasty and the leud,the chieftain of each tribe in four territories show itself quite complex and uns teady characteristic in Yin Shang dynasty.The special relation of right and incumbency between Yin Shang dynasty and feudatory leud and th e chieftain of each tribe’s strengthening,which bring political system of Yin Shang to break away from the characteristic such as aboriginality and relaxatio n etc before In dynasty, and to develop in direction to maturity and completion step by step. A popular parlance in academe at present that Shang dynas ty masteried partronage to leud and censorial right to burcaucracy wasn’t in agreement with historial fact of Yin Shang period . Zuo Yi （作邑）, in relation betw een Shang dynasty and hostile leud and the chieftain of each tribe , h ad definite affiliations with feudal system of land —hoiding in Western Zhou dynasty , there were some material difference between them . The system of garrison in some strategic points , especially in frontier of Shang dynasty , which was an important strategical measure for Yin Sh ang dynasty to tighten the management over four territories , was much similar to the system of Jian（监）in Western Zhou period . It reflect ed that there were some definite aboriginalities in state structure an d political system of Yin Shang dynasty . The relation between Yin Sha ng dynasty and four territories（四土）indicated that four territories o f Shang dynasty had formed important composing portion of political ge ography of Shang dynasty stsge by stage . Yin Shang dynasty was a de veloping inchoate state transition from city state（邑土国家）to territor y state （领土国家）, It wasn’t a far—flung territory state which owne d four territories completedly , even more not a great unitive centrali z

关 键 词：四土 军事 领土国家 国家结构 国土构造 诸侯 方伯 商朝 权利义务 

分 类 号：K223[历史地理—历史学]