自动驾驶汽车致损的民事侵权责任  

Civil Tort Liability for the Damage Caused by Autonomous Vehicle

作　　者：冯珏[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所

出　　处：《中国法学》2018年第6期109-132,共24页China Legal Science

摘　　要：作为人工智能技术一大应用的自动驾驶汽车所获得的自主性具有纯技术本质,依该自主性,不能合乎法理地得出应赋予自动驾驶汽车以法律人格并由其自负责任的结论。自动驾驶汽车逐渐获得技术意义上的自主性,使得机动车道路交通事故责任将无法继续以驾驶员的过错作为责任基础,为充分救济事故的受害人,可以考虑引入机动车保有人的严格责任。由于自主系统的引入,自动驾驶领域的产品责任在缺陷和因果关系认定方面将面临特殊困难,消费者的合理期待标准、“事物自道其缘”法理的适用以及监管标准的确立能够在一定程度上缓解困境,却不能从根本上解决问题。随着自动驾驶汽车的制造商和设计者等对于车辆控制能力的不断提高,他们有可能获得车辆保有人的身份,并最终实现机动车道路交通事故责任和产品责任在自动驾驶领域的合流。Autonomy,acquired by autonomous vehicle which acts as a major application of artificial intelligence technology,is purely technical in nature. According to the autonomy in this sense,it cannot be concluded that autonomous vehicle should be endowed with legal personality and shoulder self responsibility according to jurisprudence. Autonomous vehicle gains the autonomy in a technical sense gradually,so that the liability of the motor vehicles road traffic accident will not continue to be based on the fault of the driver. To fully relieve the victim of the accident,introducing the strict liability of the motor vehicle holder can be considered. Due to the introduction of the autonomous system,the product liability in the field of automatic driving will face special difficulties in the identification of defects and causality. The reasonable expectation standard of consumers,the application of the legal principle of "res ipsa loquitur( the thing speaks for itself) " and the establishment of regulatory standards can alleviate the dilemma to some extent,but the issues cannot be resolved fundamentally. With the continuous improvement of vehicle control capabilities,manufacturers and designers of autonomous vehicles are likely to obtain the identity of vehicle holders and ultimately achieve the convergence of motor vehicle road traffic accident liability and product liability in the field of automatic driving.

关 键 词：自动驾驶 智能机器的自主性 机动车道路交通事故责任 产品责任 

分 类 号：D912.1[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]