深海热液区化能自养微生物多样性、代谢特征与环境作用  

Diversity and metabolism of prokaryotic chemoautotrophs and their interactions with deep-sea hydrothermal environments

作　　者：邵宗泽 Zongze Shao(Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources,the Third Institute of Oceanography,Natural Resources Ministry,Xiamen 361005,China)

机构地区：[1]自然资源部第三海洋研究所海洋生物遗传资源重点实验室,厦门361005

出　　处：《科学通报》2018年第36期3902-3910,共9页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2018YFC0310701);中国大洋专项深海生物资源计划(DY135-B2-01)资助

摘　　要：热液生态系统是如何形成的?深海热液活动在地球生命起源与演化中贡献是什么?作为深海热液生态系统初级生产者,化能自养微生物在热液区从无机到有机的物质能量转化、元素生物化学循环、热液生命起源演化、热液共生体与生态系统形成发挥着重要作用.深海热液生态系统的能量来源主要是地幔岩浆房水岩反应所产生的还原性物质,包括氢气、硫化氢、甲烷以及还原性金属离子等.化能自养微生物广泛分布于羽流、烟囱壁及热液沉积物等各种热液区生境,通过氧化热液中所携带的还原性物质获得能量、固定二氧化碳,形成热液生态系统初级生产力.通过长期的生物与非生物过程的交互作用,演化形成独特的深海暗能量生态系统.热液微生物的多样性分布特征与影响因素、热液区极端环境适应性机制与环境作用,以及热液生物共生机制等仍是目前重要研究内容,相关研究将有助于认识深海暗能量生态系统的形成机制以及深部生命过程.The deep sea hydrothermal vent ecosystem was first discovered in 1977at East Pacific Rise (EPR)near the Galapagos Islands.In the past decades,over 640hydrothermal vent sites have been found in oceans,a majority of which have been found on the mid-ocean ridges.Chinese scientists have contributed significantly to the discovery of new sites on the Southwest Indian Ridge and South Mid-Atlantic Ridge.Due to worldwide oceanic expeditions,significant advances have been made in the observation of hydrothermal vent ecosystems,regarding the diversity and geographical distribution of vent fauna and microbial communities.The vent chemolithoantotrophs and their symbiosis with vent clams,mussels, tube worms and shrimps,in particular,gained more attention.In this paper,recent advances in diversity and versatile metabolisms of prokaryotic chemoautotrophs are reviewed.The vent chemolithoautotrophs are pivotal in the cross-connected interactions of abiotic and biotic processes.They act as the primary producer in the unique ecosystem driven by the deep dark energy derived from water-rock reaction around the magma chamber.Correspondingly,various chemoautotrophic bacteria are capable of utilizing the reduced compounds generated by water-rock reaction,via sulfur oxidization,methane oxidization,hydrogen oxidization,iron oxidization and ammonia oxidization;in contrast,chemoautotrophic vent archaea tend to harness energy from hydrogen in the inner part of the hydrothermal chimney coupling with sulfur reduction.In addition,heterotrophic archaea of Thermococcales also frequently occurs in high temperature chimneys;while some archaea can oxidize ammonia and methane in the vent surroundings.These diverse prokaryotes selectively distribute in a variety of vent niches along the steep environmental gradients of temperature,pH,Eh and concentrations of the reduced compounds.In the case of a black smoke ecosystem,where the hydrogen sulfide in hydrothermal fluids is effluent,sulfur oxidation is recognized as a major process_driving carbon fixation

关 键 词：深海热液区 热液生态系统 化能自养微生物 共生菌与共生机制 

分 类 号：Q93[生物学—微生物学]