中华政制要论  

Outline of Political Institutions of Classic China

作　　者：李若晖 LI Ruo-hui(Department of Philosophy,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361005,China)

机构地区：[1]厦门大学哲学系,福建厦门361005

出　　处：《齐鲁学刊》2018年第6期24-32,共9页Qilu Journal

摘　　要：中华政制之研究,应从中国古代政治思想和政治制度的内在理路与内在联系入手,实现中华政制之内在建构。中华政制的核心为舜命契为司徒的"五教"。太史克释五教实即夫妻、父子、兄弟这家内三伦,即只要家内人伦和谐,就可化成天下。这就意味着以家为国,国家不是基于暴力而是基于伦理。但在周礼的政治实践中,亲情不但未能维系国家,甚至难以维系宗族。于是孟子以五伦释五教,由父子、兄弟去血缘亲情而得君臣、朋友,由家推及于国家与社会。整合五伦有两条进路。儒家国家以家为本位,以亲情为核心,以兄弟比拟朋友,以父子比拟君臣,以朋友节制君臣关系,君臣以义合。法家国家以国为本位,以等级为核心,以君臣比拟父子,由此形成以君臣、父子、夫妇为核心的家国一元化的严格等级结构。汉以后的儒学将等级内化于伦理之中,形成身份社会。另一方面,儒学的天下为公也深入人心。体现天下为公的政治制度便是宰相制为核心的君相分权制,尤其是唐宋中书政事堂制。天下为公的伦理承载,则是同居共爨的平民家族,正是这国家机器之下的民间自治,使普通民众得以养成道德承担。这也正是中华政制的当代价值所在:以制度与伦理的一致性为框架融摄外来思想,以分权制保障天下为公,以民间自治培养道德责任。To investigate the political institutions of classic China,attentions should be paid to the interactions of Chinese political thoughts and political systems so as to construct the inner logic of political institutions.The essential part of political institutions of classic China is"wujiao"proposed by Shun when he appointed Xie.Taishi-Ke explained that"wujiao"implied three levels of family ethics about husband-wife,father-son and elder brother-younger brother.He further deduced that a harmonious family ethics would bring out a harmonious society order.That means the social order is not based on force but according to the family ethics.However,many researches had showed that in the political practices of rituals of Zhou Dynasty,family ethics was hardly to maintain the clan,not to mention the whole society.Therefore,Mencius explained"wujiao"with "wulun".He claimed that without the factor of blood relationship,father-son relation would become monarch-subject relation,while elder brother-younger brother relation would become friend relationship.Thus,Mencius deduced family mode to the order of society and county.There are two ways to reconstruct"wulun".On one hand,in Confucianism system,the county is based on family,and the blood relation is the core,which assimilated elder brother-younger brother relation with friend relationship,father-son relation with monarch-official relation.Then,to restrain the monarch-official relation with friend relationship because the monarch and officials work together based on moral principles as friends.On the other hand,in legalists system,the state was based on hierarchy and to assimilate monarch-official relation with father-son relation.Thus,a rigid hierarchy of family-country mode was formed with the core of monarch-official,father-son and husband-wife relations.After Han Dynasty,the Confucianism system interned the hierarchy into ethics institutions and formed a system of identity society.At the same time,the thoughts of taking the country for all became more prevailing.The politic

关 键 词：中华政制 三伦 五伦 身份社会 天下为公 分权制 道德承担 

分 类 号：D691[政治法律—政治学]