吐蕃统治敦煌西域时期雇佣契约研究  

On the Employment Contracts of Dunhuang and the Western Regions during the Tibetan Occupation

作　　者：徐秀玲[1] XU Xiuling(Institute of Documents and Information,Henan University,Kaifeng,Henan 475001)

机构地区：[1]河南大学文献信息研究所,河南开封475001

出　　处：《敦煌研究》2018年第6期106-113,共8页Dunhuang Research

摘　　要：吐蕃统治时期的雇佣契约已经广泛的出现在农业、手工业、建筑业、家务劳动以及运输、贡赋、劳役等领域,契约内容完备、条款齐全,双方的责权利清晰明确,已经发展到比较完善的程度。此时,农业领域里的雇价一般按每亩或十亩为单位支付,刈麦必须在收获季节的一个月内完成。雇人代役与其他领域的雇价,雇主各按不同的佣作内容支付相应的工价。雇价的支付,汉文契约中一般是麦,古藏文契约中是青稞、小米、麦、酒、绢等。从雇佣双方的利益看,受雇者可通过雇价偿还债务或改善生活条件,而雇主可藉此有更充裕的时间从事宗教艺术文化等活动。对于统治者来讲,雇人代役有效地解决了人员不足问题,有利于吐蕃王朝的统治。During the Tibetan occupation, employment contracts had been widely used in the industries of agriculture, handicrafts, construction, household and transport services, manual labor, and various other fields.These contracts include a complete system of terms and contents and the rights and responsibilities of both sides of the agreement are clearly stated, indicating that the practice of using contracts for social purposes was already a very mature practice at the time. During this period, the fee for employment in agricultural work was usually paid according to one or ten mu and reaping was stipulated to be finished within a month during the harvest season, whereas in other areas of short-term service employers paid their employees according to the corresponding value of different commission tasks. Usually wheat was used as payment in Chinese contracts, but in ancient Tibetan contracts highland barley, millet, wheat, wine, and silk could all be used. For the benefit of both sides of contract agreements, employees could pay off debt to their employers by additional labor, or by somehow improving the conditions or property of their employers, which gave employers more time for religious,artistic, and cultural activities. As for the rulers, this method of hiring labor had effectively solved the problem of understaffing and thus proved extremely beneficial to the government of the Tibetan kingdom.

关 键 词：雇佣契约 敦煌文书 吐蕃 西域 

分 类 号：K877.9[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K870.6[历史地理—历史学]