地图晕渲法在近代中国的传播与应用  

Spreading and Applying of the Hill Shading Method in Cartography in Modern China

作　　者：张佳静 ZHANG Jiajing(University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院大学人文学院,北京100049

出　　处：《中国科技史杂志》2018年第4期414-426,F0002,共14页The Chinese Journal for the History of Science and Technology

基　　金：中国科学院科学技术史青年人才研教特别支持项目"西方地图投影在中国的传入与应用(1608-1934)"(项目编号:Y52901UEA2)

摘　　要：晕渲法是地图学中一种使用阴影原理,利用色调的明暗、冷暖变化来表示地形起伏的地貌表示方法,17世纪中叶欧洲出现了最早的晕渲法地图。晕渲法在晚清时期传入中国,与同期传入中国的晕滃法、等高线法相比,晕渲法传播不够广泛,留存的地图数量也屈指可数。目前笔者所见最早的实物晕渲法地图是光绪十六年(1890)洪钧依据俄国地图转绘的《中俄交界全图》。国家图书馆《舆图要录》中仅收有7幅采用晕渲法绘制的晚清、民国地图,其中晚清的2幅地图可能由日本地图册转绘而成,5幅民国地图分别由军方测量局和铁路调查局测绘而成。晚清时期,江南制造局组织翻译的军事书籍《行军测绘》(1873)、《测地绘图》(1876)介绍了晕渲法的概念;民国时期,晕渲法概念较为混乱,多部书籍中把分层设色法和晕渲法混淆;随着地图绘制知识的不断更新,晕渲法概念逐渐准确清晰。在近代中国,晕渲法传播不广、应用有限,不属于主流地貌表示方法。Hill shading method is a method in cartography which uses the principle of shadow,the light and shade,cool and warm tones of colors to represent the topography.In the middle of the seventeenth Century,the earliest hill shading map appeared in Europe.Hill shading came to China in the late Qing Dynasty.Compared with hachuring and contour methods which came to China in the same time,hill shading method did not spread as widely and only a few shading maps remained.At present the earliest shading map I can see is the "Sino Russian border map"made by Hong Jun transferred from a Russian map in 1890.In the Collection of Maps( Yu Tu Yao Lu) in the National Library there are only 7 shading maps of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,including 2 maps in the late Qing Dynasty probably transferred from Japanese maps and 5 pieces of the Republic of China respectively made by the military and the bureau of railway investigation.In Qing Dynasty the military books translated by Jiangnan manufacturing Bureau,"Mapping in the March"( 1873),"Geodesic Mapping"( 1876) both introduced shading method;in the Republic of China,the concept of shading was chaotic,and a number of books confused the hierarchical design method and hill shading method;with the mapping knowledge constantly updated,the concept of hill shading gradually clears.The spreading and applying of hill shading method in modern China was not extensive,it was not one of the main relief representations.

关 键 词：晕渲法 地图学史 近代中国 地貌表示法 

分 类 号：N092[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学] K9[历史地理—人文地理学]