火星采样返回任务轨道方案初步设计  

Preliminary orbit design for a Mars sample return mission

作　　者：汪中生[1] 周文艳[1] 田百义 张磊[1] 彭兢[1] WANG ZhongSheng;ZHOU WenYan;TIAN BaiYi;ZHANG Lei;PENG Jing(Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering,Beijing 100094,China)

机构地区：[1]北京空间飞行器总体设计部,北京100094

出　　处：《中国科学：物理学、力学、天文学》2019年第2期152-167,共16页Scientia Sinica Physica,Mechanica & Astronomica

基　　金：国家国防科技工业局探月与航天工程中心深空探测重大专项资助

摘　　要：火星采样返回是近年国际上深空探测规划的重点任务.本文考虑开展火星探测任务的实际工程约束,以2028年发射机会为例,对火星采样返回任务全飞行过程各阶段的轨道方案进行了研究,在不同方案比较分析的基础上,推荐未来开展火星采样返回任务的可能轨道方案.对任务轨道进行了初步分析和设计,给出了主要阶段的分析结果,讨论重点包括发射转移、近火制动、火星轨道交会对接和火地转移等飞行阶段轨道方案的初步设计.分析表明:火星采样返回任务每两年有一次发射机会,其中2028年发射窗口集中在11月;考虑到重型火箭研发风险,可以采用现役火箭分别发射着陆上升组合体和轨返组合体的两次发射方案;从火星返回地球,约两年有一次返回机会,火星出发窗口和地球出发窗口相差约两年时间.Mars sample return missions are the focus of international deep space exploration planning in recent years. In this paper,the orbit design of the different flight phases of a Mars sample return mission is studied with consideration of practical engineering constraints, using 2028 launch opportunity as an example;based on comparative analysis of different schemes, feasible orbit designs are recommended for future Mars sample return missions. Preliminary analysis and design of the mission orbit are carried out and the analysis results of the main flight phases are provided in the paper, and the discussion focuses on launch opportunity, Earth to Mars transfer, Mars orbit insertion, rendezvous and docking in Mars orbit, and Mars to Earth transfer. It is shown in the paper that the launch opportunities for Mars sample return missions emerge every two years, and the launch windows in 2028 opportunity concentrate in the November;considering the high risk of the research and development of heavy lift rockets, the scheme that the descent and ascent module, the orbiter and reentry module are launched separately using two available rockets is recommended;the Mars to Earth return opportunities emerge about every two years, and the return windows open about two years after the Earth departure.

关 键 词：火星采样返回 轨道方案 发射机会 近火制动 火星轨道交会 火地转移 

分 类 号：V412.41[航空宇航科学与技术—航空宇航推进理论与工程]