扩展适应:创新的另一个源泉——研究述评与展望  

Exaptation as a Source of Innovation:A Literature Review

作　　者：任声策[1,2] 高天昊 许晖 Ren Shengce;Gao Tianhao;Xu Hui(School of Economics and Management,Shanghai Maritime University,Shanghai 201306,China;Shanghai International College of Intellectual Property,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China)

机构地区：[1]上海海事大学经济管理学院,上海201306 [2]同济大学上海国际知识产权学院,上海200092

出　　处：《外国经济与管理》2019年第1期16-29,共14页Foreign Economics & Management

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目(71572105);上海市软科学研究计划项目(18692102300)

摘　　要：扩展适应(exaptation)作为一个跨学科的概念,在企业的创新过程中时常发生却鲜被关注。它具体是指在意外发现(serendipity)的条件下,某种产品的功能发生了转移从而产生了创新,其中大部分属于激进式创新。这是一种从产品创造出市场、先有答案再寻找问题的逆向创新机制,能够帮助企业打破原有的创新思路,成为企业的另一个创新源泉。本研究从基本理论出发,围绕扩展适应的内涵和分类、产生过程、影响因素和影响效应等方面对已有研究进行了回顾和述评。经过整理和提炼后研究发现:扩展适应不仅是一种值得重视的逆向创新方法,在企业战略意义上也有十分重要的价值。据此,本研究综合已有研究成果和核心研究问题,梳理了扩展适应的基本概念,并以此为基础构建了扩展适应研究的整合框架,提出了未来研究的若干方向。旨在帮助企业理解扩展适应在创新过程中的新颖性和重要性,并使其成为企业的战略工具,本文的研究还有助于促进扩展适应的进一步研究。The word "exaptation" originally coined in 1982, a term in the evolutionary biology which refers to a structure showing another function that is not the same as before after entering a new environment during the process of biological evolution. A typical example is the feather of birds:Archaeopteryx can’t fly at the very first;its feathers were originally used to keep warm;and the function of flying was evolved later. Since 1994 scholars in management have also started using the term as an important mechanism for generating innovation, because many products, or artifacts, have been found to have similar functional transitions. For example, the magnetron, which was originally used as a part of the radar, became the core component of the microwave because of an accident, and there were drugs like Viagra, which was used to treat high blood pressure at first, becoming the little blue pill later. Such a reverse innovation mechanism, which creates the market from the product and finds the answer before finding the question, can help the enterprise to break the original way to innovate and become another source of innovation. In terms of the cost of innovation, it is cheaper to extract such potential value than to develop a new product specifically for a new function. After all, the cost innovation is high and exaptation could be another source of innovation. In this background, although the phenomenon already exists before, it fails to become a recognized cognitive and analytical tool in the innovative research because the relevant theory has not yet been mature. No one ever before has collected the concepts of the literature system. So in this paper, by analyzing and summing up predecessors’ research conclusions,we collect existing literature according to four aspects: the connotation and classification of exaptation,the process of exaptation, the influencing factors of exaptation, and the impact effect of exaptation. First of all, the paper combs the related definitions of exaptation, confirming two core concepts

关 键 词：扩展适应 意外发现 功能转移 创新机制 

分 类 号：F270[经济管理—企业管理]