科学发现的结构与时间属性  

Structural and Temporal Properties of Scientific Discovery

作　　者：陈超美[1,2,3] 陈悦[2,3] 

机构地区：[1]德雷塞尔大学信息科学与技术学院 [2]大连理工大学WISE实验室,大连116024 [3](中)大连理工大学-(美)德雷塞尔大学知识可视化与科学发现联合研究所

出　　处：《科学与管理》2014年第3期27-32,F0003,共7页Science and Management

基　　金：美国科学基金会(NSF)资助(IIS-0612129)

摘　　要：社会网络分析理论认为在一个社会网络中节点对其他节点潜在的影响是因所在位置而不同的,因而网络中各个位置并非等同。我们也知道弱连接往往比强联系更有价值。复杂网络分析理论已证实许多常见网络具有小世界属性。我们能从这些社会网络和信息网络的研究结果中获得什么?这些研究结果也存在于诸如作者合作和文献共被引这样的科学网络中吗?从根本上来说,是否存在一种能辨识出来的用于阐释科学发现演变的机制?正是针对这些问题,我们拟议了一个理论框架。这一框架强调基本理论及其在科学发现语境下的相互联系,包括社会网络中的结构洞理论、跨学科合作的边界客体概念和信息觅食理论。关于"科学知识创造与传播的识别"研究是富有挑战性的议题。From social network analysis, it is known that not all positions in a social network are equal in terms of their potential influence on others in the network. It is also known that weak social ties often turn out to be more valuable resources than strong ties. From complex network analysis, many commonly seen networks demonstrate small-world properties. What can we learn from all these findings about social and informational networks？ To what extent can these findings hold in scientific networks such as networks of collaborative authors and cocited references？ More fundamentally, are there generic mechanisms that one can be identified and used to explain the dynamics of scientific discovery？ To address these questions, a theoretical framework is proposed. The framework highlights the role of fundamental theories and their interrelationships in this context, including structural-hole theory in social network studies, the concept of boundary objects in interdisciplinary collaboration, and information foraging theory. Challenging issues concerning the creation and diffusion of scientific knowledge are identified.

关 键 词：科学发现 结构洞 边界客体 信息觅食 知识可视化 

分 类 号：G305[文化科学]