明末清初耶稣会传教士对中国祭礼问题的讨论  

A Study of the Jesuit Missionaries' Discussion on Chinese Sacrificial Rites during the Late Ming and Early Qing Period

作　　者：李媛[1] 

机构地区：[1]东北师范大学亚洲文明研究院,吉林长春130024

出　　处：《山西大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2014年第5期62-72,共11页Journal of Shanxi University(Philosophy and Social Science Edition)

基　　金：国家社科基金重大招标项目"中国礼制变迁及现代价值研究"(12&ZD134)

摘　　要：明末清初,大批西方耶稣会士来华传教,期间多有关于中国祭祀礼仪问题的讨论。在这些讨论中,耶稣会士们主要关注中国的祭天、祭祖、祀孔、祭城隍,以及某些民间生活中的私人祭拜活动。他们对中国祭祀礼仪多以白描式的介绍为主,对制度化的国家祭礼则鲜有关注。其原因主要是,耶稣会士来华以传播教义、发展教徒为目的,国家祭祀礼仪与此相关度较小;耶稣会士们在中国国内政治文化事务中发言权较小,并主动避免参与可能跟天主教教义产生冲突的仪式活动;耶稣会士们只关注中国祭祀礼仪中可能涉及偶像崇拜仪式的内容,对其他无关偶像崇拜的祭祀礼仪则并不关心。欧洲来华耶稣会士对中国祭祀礼仪的态度也并非完全一致,其内部关于此问题的讨论和纷争一直持续到礼仪之争,并与其他反对耶稣会的天主教派别对中国祭祀礼仪的质疑相交织。这说明,持续百年的礼仪之争并非单纯由天主教内部的派别之争引起。中国本土奉教士大夫则能在天主教教义与中国祭祀礼仪之间找到契合点,并帮助西方耶稣会士向欧洲教廷介绍和解释中国祭祀礼仪的内涵,但对具有迷信色彩的民间信仰则亦主张摒弃。During the late Ming and early Qing period, a large number of Jesuit missionaries came to China. In this period, they made a lot of discussions on the Chinese sacrificial rites, especially on the worship for the heaven, sacri- fice for the ancestral temple, worship for the Confucius, sacrifice for the city god and ghosts, and some other fork pri- vate worships. Jesuit missionaries didn＇ t pay close attention to the institutionalized state sacrificial rites. The reasons are,the state sacrificial rites are not closely related with the Catholic spreading; Jesuit missionaries didn＇ t have much voice on Chinese domestic affairs, and they usually avoid participating in the rituals which might make conflict with the Catholic doctrine; Jesuit missionaries were only concerned about the sacrificial rites which might involve the worship for idols. European Jesuits＇ attitudes toward Chinese rituals are diversified, rather than identical. The discussions about this topic in the internal Jesuit went on to the Great Ritual Controversy, and this suggested that, the later Great Ritual Controversy was not mainly caused by faction conflicts inside the Catholic Church because dif- ferent voices about Chinese rituals had been there long before this controversy. The Chinese Catholics could find conjunction point between Catholic doctrine and Chinese sacrificial rites. They helped Jesuit missionaries to introduce and explain about the Chinese rituals, and they also insisted on discarding the folk beliefs which were of the superstition colors.

关 键 词：明末清初 耶稣会士 祭礼 偶像崇拜 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] K249[历史地理—中国史]