概念驱动和句法制导的语句构成和意义识解——以“白、白白(地)”句的语义解释为例  

Conception-driven and syntax-directed constructions and construal of sentences: A case study of the interpretation of sentences with the adverb bai (白,for free vs. in vain)

作　　者：袁毓林[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学中文系

出　　处：《中国语文》2014年第5期402-417,479,共16页Studies of the Chinese Language

基　　金：国家社科基金重大招标项目<汉语国际教育背景下的汉语意合特征研究与大型知识库和语料库建设>(批准号:12&ZD175)的资助

摘　　要：本文通过副词"白、白白(地)"的语义解释问题讨论人脑如何植根于概念结构、并在句法结构的制导下来生成语句和识解其意义。首先描写"白、白白(地)"的不同义面及其用法特点,然后讨论"白、白白(地)"的不同意义所共享的概念结构基础。接着,通过众多实例分析,指出"白、白白(地)"的两种意义是通过句法结构的制导来明确的:1)当陈述"白、白白(地)"所修饰的动词性成分的主语没有付出而白得时,把"白、白白(地)"识解为"无代价、无报偿";2)当陈述"白、白白(地)"所修饰的动词性成分的主语没有收获而白搭时,把"白、白白(地)"识解为"无收获、徒然地"。通过这个案例说明,语言是一个复杂的、非线性的自组织系统,具有随时间进化和不断涌现出新的成分和新的构式的特性;语言从概念结构、论元结构到句法结构和语句构式等多层面的结构型式,为人脑基于层级性模式识别的信息加工方式提供了结构基础。Through the study on the semantic interpretation of the sentences with the adverb bai( for free vs. in vain),this paper discusses how human brain / mind constructs and construes a sentence grounded in conceptual structure and anchored by syntactic structure. It firstly describes two nearly contrary semantic facets of the adverb bai( for free vs. in vain) and their usages in Mandarin Chinese. It then reveals the common conceptual structural basis of these two senses, the principle of the EPR( Equilibrium of Payment and Reward). As this paper proposes, both senses of the adverb bai denote the deviation of EPR, but the differentiation of these two abstract meanings depends on the context: when bai is attached to a VP with the semantic feature of gaining or enjoying, its meaning is specified as gaining and enjoying without payment or working,so emerging the sense ‘for free'; when bai is attached to a VP with the semantic feature of payment or working,its meaning is specified as payment or working without gaining or enjoying,so emerging the sense ‘in vain'. The paper also demonstrates that the two senses of bai in certain sentences are specified by the guidance of syntactic structure: when the sentence asserts that the subject of 'bai-VP' gains or enjoys something without payment or working,bai is interpreted as ‘for free'; when the sentence asserts that the subject of 'bai-VP'pays something or works without gaining or enjoying,bai is interpreted as ‘in vain'. This case study shows that,( i) as a complex,non-linear and self-organized system,language may evolve along the time,and have new constituents and new constructions emerging continuously;( ii) the multi-level structures of language( conceptual structure,argument structure,phrasal structure,sentential construction) supply a firm foundation for the hierarchical pattern recognition scheme by which human brain / mind processes information and forms high-level thinking.

关 键 词：副词“白、白白(地)” 概念结构 句法结构 语义解释 识解 义面确定 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]