“把”字式和“被”字式成分语义角色的系统功能语法作格解释  

The SFG ergative interpretation on the participants in the bǎ construction and the bèi construction

作　　者：杨国文[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院语言研究所

出　　处：《当代语言学》2014年第4期410-421,500-501,共12页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：中国社会科学院语言研究所资助课题"系统功能视角下的汉语语法"(YB11-01)阶段性研究成果的一部分

摘　　要：本文介绍系统功能语法(SFG)的及物性作格解释模式,并根据该模式对汉语"把"字式和"被"字式成分的语义角色进行分析。SFG作格模式将中动句的固有参与者成分和施效句的受影响类参与者成分等同对待,表现出传统作格系统的基本语法特征。SFG用以解释过程及物性的作格模式容纳了广义的施受关系,而并不局限于某一类动词和过程;同时,SFG强调施动者在非中动句中的使役作用。SFG及物模式和作格模式是英语及物系统中两个在词汇意义和语法形式上具有互补作用的组成部分。SFG作格模式强调句式成分语义角色功能的概括性,也强调施动特征对语态的影响。研究表明,SFG作格解释模式也适用于分析汉语。汉语的"被"字式和"把"字式在功能上属语态范畴,在形式上与传统作格语言的句式相似。我们在分析"被"字式和"把"字式的过程角色时,借助SFG作格模式的中介、施动者和范围的不同功能特性,不仅可以增强描述的概括性,也能够较为充分地说明在这两种句式中,为什么动词前有些成分甚至可以经常省略,有些成分则不能省略。This paper presents an ergative interpretation on the participants in the bǎ( 把)and bèi( 被) constructions based on the transitivity theory of systemic functional grammar. In the SFG ergative model,inherent participants in middle clauses and affected participants in effective clauses are equally treated as a single Function,i. e. the Medium,reflecting one of the basic grammatical characteristics of traditional ergative system. The SFG ergative model is not restricted to any particular type of process and it grammatically complements the transitive model within thedomain of English transitivity. In the SFG ergative model both the generalized function of participants and the causative effect of agent on the selection of voice are emphasized. Studies have shown that the SFG ergative model is also applicable to Chinese. The bǎ and bèi constructions in Chinese belong functionally to the system of voice and their NNV patterns are similar to that of traditional ergative languages. By use of the properties of Medium,Agent and Range in the ergative model,we can give not only a more generalized description of participants in the bǎ and bèi constructions,but also a more reasonable account of the condition on the omission of certain nominal constituents in the two constructions.

关 键 词：及物系统 作格模式“把”字式 “被”字式 语态 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]