基于宏观系统的冲积河流自动调整研究评述  

Review on the self-adjustment behavior of alluvial rivers based on the concept of macro system

作　　者：郑珊[1] 吴保生[2] 谈广鸣[1] 

机构地区：[1]武汉大学水资源与水电工程科学国家重点实验室,湖北武汉430072 [2]清华大学水沙科学与水利水电工程国家重点实验室,北京100084

出　　处：《泥沙研究》2014年第5期73-80,共8页Journal of Sediment Research

基　　金：国家"十二五"科技支撑计划资助项目(2012BAB02B02);国家重点基础研究发展计划资助项目(2011CB403304);国家自然科学基金项目(51409193);清华大学水沙科学与水利水电工程国家重点实验室开放基金项目(sklhse-2014-B-02)

摘　　要：冲积河流自动调整作用体现了河流的自适应特征,是河床演变最基本的规律,这一规律在微观上表现为输沙量与挟沙力的相互趋近,宏观上则显示河道朝一定的平衡形态或水力几何形态发展。传统的牛顿力学方法并不能完全给出河流调整过程的理论解,从宏观河流系统角度出发的研究方法不失为一种有效的解决途径。本文选取热力学中的熵与极值假设、最小作用量原理、速率定律和突变理论为基于宏观系统研究的典型代表,对这些研究方法的概念和应用进行介绍和阐述,从多种角度出发探讨河流自动调整过程中水流能量的分配、输沙效率、系统的调整路径和变化速率等特点。Self-adjustment is one of the key characteristics of the fluvial system.To reach the equilibrium state of rivers,sediment-carrying capacity is adjusted to transport the exact amount of sediment load that the water contains.Consequently,hydraulic geometry of a river will be approached during the processes of channel erosion and deposition.Nevertheless,the traditional Newton mechanical method cannot give all the theoretical solutions of channel adjustment.Alternatively,approaches based on macro river system are sometimes effective.As typical examples of these research methods,thermodynamic entropy and extremal hypothesis,the principle of least action,the rate law and the catastrophe theory are discussed comprehensively in this study.The basic concepts and applications of these methods are introduced.Moreover,the distribution of water energy,sediment transport efficiency and the adjustment rate of rivers are discussed from different perspectives.

关 键 词：冲积河流 自动调整 系统 熵与极值假设 最小作用量原理 速率定律 突变理论 

分 类 号：TV147[水利工程—水力学及河流动力学]