唐代比丘尼的种类、受戒习业以及弘法活动  

Bhikkhuni's Types,Monkhood Initiation,Dhamma Practice and Activities of Buddhism-Promoting in the Tang Dynasty

作　　者：焦杰[1] 

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院,陕西西安710062

出　　处：《厦门大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2014年第6期145-156,共12页Journal of Xiamen University(A Bimonthly for Studies in Arts & Social Sciences)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究基金项目"唐代女性与宗教"(09YJA770039);国家社科基金项目"唐代墓志中女性资料的整理与研究"(12BZS029)

摘　　要：唐代是中国佛教鼎盛时期,大量女性走入了比丘尼的行列。当时比丘尼队伍主要由出家的比丘尼、挂籍寺庙的比丘尼和私度的比丘尼三部分组成。唐代女性要想获得僧伽资格必须经过两次受戒,即沙弥戒和比丘戒。唐代的大德尼已经获得了为女性出家者授具足戒的权力,一些大德尼还代表政府为人剃度。比丘尼们积极从事写译、造像、讲经等弘扬佛法的活动。比丘尼的宗教活动主要包括日常的持戒、诵经和不定期的抄经、写经、造像等,她们的很多功德活动都围绕着寺院进行。比丘尼也经常举行讲经活动,出身士族、有着良好教育背景的比丘尼所讲多为僧讲。社会下层也有比丘尼的讲经活动,只不过她们会遇到很多困难,往往被迫中止。Buddhism was in full bloom within the period of the Tang dynasty, meanwhile, a large number of women joined the bhikkhuni. At that time, there were three types of the women bhikkhuni ： those were completely disciplined and tonsured, those were also completely disciplined, registered by the temple but practiced dhamma at home, and those were taken the tonsure by the temples, the government or individuals, but were not registered . The Tang dynasty women who wanted to join the Sangha must be initiated into monkhood twice, namely Sramanera Precepts, and Gelung-pa. Generally, when women came to twenty years old, they could be completely disciplined, and then, they should have a process of learn- ing dhamma . The great venerable bhikkhuni in the Tang dynasty had the power to discipline the women who wanted to join bhikkhuni. Some great venerable bhikkhuni were labeled by the government as ＂lin Tan Da De＂, and they would host the tonsure on behalf the government. Bhikkhuni actively participated in activities to promote buddhism, such as buddhist scriptures-writing and translation, statue-molding and preaching, and so on. Their religious activities mainly consist of daily commandments observing and chanting, and aperiodic buddhist scriptures-writing, scriptures-copying, statue-molding. Their activities were centered to the temple. Some influential Bhikkhuni often cooperated with the government or even the royal family. Bhikkhuni often hold preaching activities. Some bhikkhuni＇s preaching were profound buddhist scriptures, who came from aristocratic family and had a good education. Bhikkhuni also preached in the lower society, but their prac- tices encountered many difficulties, even were halted.

关 键 词：唐代比丘尼 种类 受戒习业 弘法活动 

分 类 号：K207[历史地理—历史学] K242[历史地理—中国史]