汉语“没+MVp”构式的认知理据和语义结构  

The Cognitive Motivation and Semantic Structure of Chinese“Mei+MVp”Construction

作　　者：张立飞[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]上海外国语大学博士后流动站 [2]解放军外国语学院学报编辑部

出　　处：《世界汉语教学》2015年第1期68-82,共15页Chinese Teaching in the World

摘　　要：汉语中表事件实现潜势的情态成分,包括情态动词和能性述补结构,除能用"不"来否定事件实现的可能性外,还可用"没"来否定特定情境的现实性,形成特殊的构式"没+MVp"。该构式产生的认知理据是"糅合造句",即"没"否定现实事件的用法被类推至表事件现实性的情态动词,而原本表示事件潜势的情态动词转指事件的现实性则是通过"潜势转指现实"这一概念转喻实现的。其产生是使用者在表达需求的驱使下,立足于已有的语言资源,利用基本认知能力,进行语言创新的结果。对"没+MVp"语义结构的描述应包括两个方面:一是对事件的现实性进行否定,该意义主要由否定词"没"来承载;二是对事件未能实现的原因进行阐释,具体则须结合相应的情态成分进行解读。"没+MVp"构式的某些成员在具体使用中可产生特定的语用蕴涵,还可能由于频繁使用而发生语义淡化。The potentiality-denoting constituents in Chinese, including modal auxilia- ries and ＂V de（得） C＂ construction, can be negated not only by bu（不）, but also by mei （没）. In the latter case, what is really negated is the actuality of the event rather than the possibility of its realization, thus resulting in the peculiar construction ＂rneiq-MVp＂. It is argued that this construction is cognitively motivated by conceptual blending where the realis mei is, by means of analogy, used to negate actuality-denoting modal auxiliaries, which in turn is motivated by the conceptual metonymy POENTIALITY FOR ACTUALI- TY. In essence, the emergence of the construction ＂rnei q-MVp＂ is the outcome of language users＇ innovation on the basis of known language resources and basic cognitive abili- ties, driven by communicative needs. The semantic structure of the construction can be de- scribed in terms of the negative meaning and the explanative meaning. The negative meaning is the negation of the actuality of the relevant situation, while the explanative meaning explains why the situation is unrealized, whose specific interpretation could be attained with the help of the modal element. The explanative meaning of specific instances of the construction is capable of producing rich pragmatic inferences in actual usage contexts, and of being bleached semantically due to frequent use.

关 键 词：“没+MVp”构式 认知理据 语义结构 糅合造句 述谓转喻 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]