明代士人复姓现象及其文化意涵  

Restoration of Clan Names among Ming Scholars and the Corresponding Cultural Implications

作　　者：汪维真[1,2] 牛建强[3] 

机构地区：[1]河南大学中国古代史研究中心 [2]<史学月刊>编辑部 [3]河南大学黄河文明与可持续发展研究中心,黄河文明传承与现代文明建设河南省协同创新中心,教授开封475001

出　　处：《历史研究》2014年第6期97-113,191,共17页Historical Research

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究项目“明代科举配额制度与区域人才关系研究”(项目号11YJA770047);国家哲学社会科学规划项目“明清中原士绅与地方社会关系研究”(项目号11BZS033)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：自明初始,明廷即允许因过继、乞养、入赘等方式而改从他姓者恢复本姓(复姓)。明代复姓采取身份差别原则:一般平民可自行复姓;士人阶层则较为复杂。因其序列结构存在着生员、科举功名获得者(举人、进士)和官员(在任、致仕家居者)的身份差异,其人事档案分存于学宫、礼部和吏部,因此其复姓需"请于官",分别由地方有司、礼部和吏部经办。士人阶层因其读书、应试和入仕等经历,对孝道和祖姓的体认较诸一般人更为自觉和强烈。从历史的长时段看,士人复姓现象在明代繁盛且典型。在传统社会,复姓不只是厘清个体族姓的源流和归属,同时也具有倡行孝道的文化建设功用。From the beginning of the Ming Dynasty,the government began to allow people who were using others'surnames because of adoption,fostering,or uxorilocal marriage to resume their original family or clan names.The principle governing resumption of one's family name was based on social status:ordinary people could resume their original family names on their own,but it was more complicated for scholars to do so because their names were listed as having passed the base level(sheng yuan 生员)and higher levels of the imperial examinations(ju ren 举人and jin shi进士),and having served as officials(incumbent and retired).Their personnel files were kept in the official academies or the offices of the Board of Rites or the Board of Personnel.Therefore,they had to 'apply to the authorities'to restore their family names,requests processed by the relevant local departments,the Board of Rites or the Board of Personnel.Because they had experience of studying,being examined and holding official posts,scholars would be more aware of filial piety and their ancestral surnames than ordinary people and would have stronger feelings about them.In terms of long-range history,scholars'resumption of their original family names was a common,even a typical,phenomenon in the Ming Dynasty.In traditional society,restoration of one's surname or clan name not only clarified the origins and destinies of individual clans,but also strengthened the construction of culture by promoting filial piety.

关 键 词：明代 士人 复姓 改姓 孝道 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]