基于生态系统服务价值的池塘养殖生态补偿政策研究——以上海地区为例  

Eco-Payment Policies Based on Eco-Service Value Estimation of Pond Aquaculture Ecosystem: Taking Shanghai as an Example

作　　者：杨正勇[1] 张新铮 杨怀宇[1] 

机构地区：[1]上海海洋大学经济管理学院,上海201306

出　　处：《生态经济》2015年第3期151-156,共6页Ecological Economy

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(70973075);上海市教育委员会科研创新项目(09ZZ169);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项基金"鲆鲽类产业技术体系工厂化养殖与产业经济研究"(CARS-50-G11);上海地方高校大文科研究生学术新人培育计划资金资助项目(B1-5201-13-0000-26)

摘　　要：作为改善因经济社会发展而被破坏的生态环境的一种手段,生态补偿受到了广泛关注。但综观国内外现有成果,对于水产养殖生态补偿问题的研究还较少。文章基于对上海地区池塘养殖生态服务价值的评估结果,分析了进行此类生态补偿的必要性,并进而在阐述其生态补偿目标及原则的基础上,针对池塘养殖生态系统的不同类型的生态服务,从补偿主体、补偿客体、补偿方式以及补偿额度等方面讨论了其补偿机制。研究认为,对于不同类型池塘养殖系统的生态服务,需采用不同的生态补偿机制:(1)对于市场上可以实现的价值,应通过建立有效的市场机制予以补偿;(2)对于空气调节、气温调控等非市场价值,则应在确定服务受益者及提供者的基础上,通过不同层级政府的财政转移支付等手段予以补偿,具体补偿额度建议为:空气调节服务约5800 CNY·hm-2·a-1,气温调控服务约20 000 CNY·hm-2·a-1,而对于水产污染成本,则在污染权被界定给养殖生产者的情况下,要消除养殖产生的面源污染,养殖生产者需获得大于2000 CNY·hm-2·a-1的补偿额。To solve the ecological and environmental problems emerging with the economic and social development, ecological payment is widely discussed as a possible solution. But the literatures showed that there are few researches on ecological payment of pond aquaculture ecosystems. This paper, based on the previous findings about ecological service value evaluation of pond aquaculture ecosystems in Shanghai, analyzed the necessity of ecological payment in this field, discussed the objectives and principles of this kind of ecological payment policies, and brought forth the mechanism including the subject, object, method and the amount of the payment. The research showed that it is necessary to adopt different ecological payment mechanism for different types of ecological pond aquaculture ecosystem services： （1） Those eco-service values, which can be realized through market, should be compensated by market mechanism, so the key point for their compensation is to establish effective market; （2） Non-market value, such as the values of air conditioning and temperature control, on the basis of determining beneficiaries and providers of these services, should be compensated through different levels of governments and their transfer, the amount of them should vary with eco-services as follow： air conditioning payment is about 5800 Yuan·hm^-2·a^-1; the temperature control service payment is about 20000 Yuan·hm^-2·a^-1; as for the environmental costs of these ecosystems, if their non-point pollution is to be eliminated and if the environmental property rights are defined to fish farmers, then they should be compensated for more than 2000 Yuan·hm^-2·a^-1.

关 键 词：生态服务价值 生态补偿 池塘养殖 政策 

分 类 号：X2[环境科学与工程—环境科学] F062.2[经济管理—政治经济学]