玉米–大豆套作模式下氮肥运筹对玉米产量及干物质积累与转运的影响  

Effects of Nitrogen Management on Yield and Dry Matter Accumulation and Translocation of Maize in Maize–Soybean Relay-Cropping System

作　　者：文熙宸 王小春[1] 邓小燕[1] 张群[1] 蒲甜 刘国丹[1] 杨文钰[1] 

机构地区：[1]四川农业大学农学院/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,四川温江611130

出　　处：《作物学报》2015年第3期448-457,共10页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201103001);四川省育种攻关项目(2011NZ0098-15-2);四川玉米单季稻大面积均衡增产技术集成研究与示范项目(2012BAD04B13-2)资助

摘　　要：玉米-大豆套作是西南地区玉米的主要种植模式之一,研究该模式下玉米适宜的氮肥运筹方式,对该区玉米生产具有重要指导意义。通过2年田间试验,研究了施90、180、270和360 kg N hm–2及底肥∶拔节肥∶穗肥=5∶0∶5、3∶2∶5、5∶2∶3对玉米–大豆套作模式下玉米产量及干物质积累与转运的影响。结果表明,在相同底追比条件下,玉米产量及干物质积累量随施氮量增加呈先增后减的变化趋势。施180 kg N hm–2可以显著促进玉米穗粒数、千粒重及有效穗数的增加,提高花前干物质转运量和花后干物质同化量,植株干物质积累量和最大增长速率亦达到最大;相同施氮量条件下,不同底追比对玉米产量及干物质积累的影响表现为:3∶2∶5>5∶0∶5>5∶2∶3。氮肥后移(3∶2∶5)可以促进花后干物质积累和向籽粒中转运,增大干物质最大增长速率,改善玉米穗部性状,与传统施肥方式(5∶0∶5)相比,氮肥后移处理2年平均产量提高了4.11%。施氮量及底追比对产量的交互影响显著,2010年以施270 kg N hm–2并按3∶2∶5底追比处理玉米产量最高,与相同底追比条件下施180 kg N hm–2处理差异不显著;2011年玉米产量以施180 kg N hm–2按3∶2∶5底追比处理显著高于其他处理,达到7803 kg hm–2。在本试验研究范围内,施180 kg N hm–2及底追比为3∶2∶5的处理是获得玉米–大豆套作模式下玉米高产的最佳氮肥运筹方式。Maize-soybean relay-cropping system is an important planting pattern in southwest China, in which the proper nitrogen management plays a key role for improving maize production. A field experiment was conducted in two consecutive seasons （2010–2011） with different treatments of nitrogen （N） application rates （90, 180, 270, 360kg ha–1） and ratios of base fertilizer, jointing fertilizer and earing fertilizer （5：0：5, 3：2：5, 5：2：3） to study the effects of nitrogen management on yield and dry matter accumulation and translocation of maize in maize-soybean relay-cropping system. The results showed that, maize yield and dry matter accumulation increased with increasing N application rates up to 270 kg N ha–1 under the same ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing, and then decreased when N application rate was 360 kg N ha–1. The N application rate of 180 kg ha–1 significantly increased kernels per ear, 1000-kernel weigh, ear number, and help increase translocation efficiency, post anthesis assimilation, plant dry matter accumulation, and the maximum increasing rate, while the N application rate of 360 kg ha–1 had negative effect. The effects of different ratios of base fertilizer to topdressing on maize yield and dry matter accumulation were 3：2：5〉5：0：5〉5：2：3, postponed N application （B2, 3：2：5） was beneficial to improve dry matter accumulation and translocation to grain, increased the maximum increasing rate and improved ear traits. Compared with conventional ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing （B1, 5：0：5）, B2 treatment （3：2：5） had a higher yield 0f 4.11% than B1 （5：0：5） on average of two years. The interaction between N application rates and ratios of base fertilizer to topdressing was significant on maize yield, N application rates of 270 kg ha–1 and the ratio of 3：2：5 reached to the highest yield in 2010 year. No significant difference between 180 and 270 kg N ha–1 with the same ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing

关 键 词：氮肥运筹 产量 干物质积累 玉米 玉米-大豆套作 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S565.1