“超然主义”:近代日本政治的底流  

Aloof-ism: The Bottom Layer of the Contemporary Japanese Politics

作　　者：张东[1] 

机构地区：[1]东北师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《日本研究》2015年第1期67-74,共8页Japan Studies

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目"东亚世界的裂变--关于东亚国际政治对立局面形成之文化探源"(项目编号:14JJD770005)的阶段性研究成果;中国博士后科学基金资助项目"近代日本政党新论--‘多数决’的挫折(项目编号:2014M551149)的阶段性研究成果

摘　　要：明治宪法标榜天皇主权与职能性分权,同时以议会代表"国家公义",这从根本上为"超然主义"提供了可能。"超然主义"实为近代日本政治之底流,它并未随藩阀政治的结束而消失。在藩阀政治受挫后,伊藤博文、桂太郎等通过政党实现的只能是相对"超然主义",而且,他们的期待最终被政党所"出卖"。经过大正民主运动,"超然主义"作为政治潜流持续存在,并与政党一样获得发展,当"宪政常道"下的政党政治被民众质疑和抛弃时,新官僚力倡普选,以民众广泛参政强化天皇权威,同时否定政党组阁的正当性,"超然主义"卷土重来,并显得比明治时代更为"成熟",成功"逆袭"政党政治,它看似基于民意,实则相反,政府超然于民众与议会之外,这也为法西斯独裁专制打下了基础。The Meiji Constitution advertised a separation of the Emperor＇s sovereignty and its functionality, and convened the parliament in demonstration of the so-called ＂public justice＂ , which essentially rendered possible the ＂aloof-ism＂ which was at the bottom layer of the contemporary Japanese politics and did not end with the expiration of the sectarian politics （Hanbatsu Seiji）.Afier the ＂aloof-ism＂ met its frustration, politicians such as Hirofumi Ito and Taro Katsura only managed to achieve, via political parties, a moderate or tentative ＂aloof-ism＂ which was ＂sold out＂ by political parties eventually. After the Taisho Democracy movement, ＂aloof-ism＂ continued to exist as a political undercurrent and obtained some growth together with political parties. When the party politics under ＂constitutional political conventions＂ was questioned and abandoned by the public, neo-bureaucrats advocated general election to fortify the authority of Emperor through broad popular political participation and to deny cabinet by political parties of its legitimacy, it was then the ＂aloof-ism＂ made a comeback, showed its evolved ＂maturity＂ from the Meiji era, and successfully ＂counter-punched＂ the party politics. ＂Aloof-ism＂ seemed to be founded on the popular will but in fact was not so. The government ＂transcending＂ the public and the parliament actually laid a foundation for the fascist autocracy.

关 键 词：明治宪法 超然主义 天皇主权 民众参政 

分 类 号：K313.4[历史地理—历史学]