有明之无善政自内阁始——论明初政治变动中的内阁政治文化  

The Bad Reign of Ming Dynasty Starts from the Cabinet——On the Cabinet Political Culture in the Political Changes in Early Ming Dynasty

作　　者：王剑[1] 李忠远[1] 

机构地区：[1]吉林大学文学院历史系,吉林长春130012

出　　处：《求是学刊》2015年第3期154-163,189,共10页Seeking Truth

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目"结构失缺与晚明辽东社会控制研究";项目编号:11BZS028

摘　　要：明朝初年,朱元璋废行省罢丞相的政治改革,引发了明初中枢政治的激变。朱元璋在实现高度集权的同时,却又面临着中枢决策低效的矛盾,但他仍以祖制的形式将这种政治体制确定下来,这在一定程度上让洪武时代的政治体制和运行机制呈现相对的稳定性和封闭性。这种稳定性和封闭性对有明一代政治演变的影响十分深远,黄宗羲将其归结为"有明之无善治,自高皇帝罢丞相始"。明代内阁政治的产生,就是遵循着既要维护皇权的高度集中,又要解决中枢决策低效的难题。但内阁政治的发展,却没有使内阁体制的界限固定下来,相反,还引发了明代中后期皇权的肆意表达与宦官政治的异化。与其说"有明之无善治,自高皇帝罢丞相始",毋宁说有明之无善政自内阁始。In early Ming Dynasty, ZHU Yuan-zhang abolishes the system of Prime Minister as well as provinces, which incurs radical change in central government. ZHU Yuan-zhang realizes high lev- el of totalitarianism, but faces low efficiency in central decision making. However he keeps this form as an inheritance, which to a degree keeps the relative stability and closure of the political and oper- ation system of Hongwu Reign. This stability and closure influences politics of Ming Dynasty very much, which is summarized by HUANG Zong-xi as ＂The bad reign of Ming Dynasty starts from Em- peror ZHU Yuan-zhang abolishing the Prime Minister＂. The rise of cabinet politics abides by the principle of high degree of totalitarianism as well as tackling the low efficiency, but its development does not define the system in a fixed form. On the contrary, it leads to the alienation of the unbri- dled rule of the emperors and eunuch politics. It is better to say ＂The Bad Reign of Ming Dynasty Starts from the Cabinet＂ than ＂The Bad Reign of Ming Dynasty Starts from Emperor ZHU Yuan- zhang abolishing the Prime Minister＂.

关 键 词：内阁 集权与效率 政治文化 明代 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]