宋元明时期司天机构的候气工作与候气观念的兴衰  

Houqi( “Distinguishing the Vapours”) Experiments and Concepts in the Imperial Observatory and their Rise and Fall during the Song,Yuan and Ming Dynasties

作　　者：王玉民[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京天文馆古观象台,北京100005

出　　处：《中国科技史杂志》2015年第2期170-181,共12页The Chinese Journal for the History of Science and Technology

基　　金：中国科学院自然科学史研究所"科技知识的创造与传播"重大项目<中国古代"候气"理论;实验与传播研究>

摘　　要：候气实验和候气观念到了宋元明阶段,出现重大演变。虽然曾有过郭守敬等人的研究和尝试,官方的十二律管缇室候气实验在宋元基本在停止状态。明代,官方的候气实验变为八管候气,目的是预测八方农作物丰歉,与早期的实验有显著差别。南宋时,以蔡元定为代表的"候气定律"思想,标志着对候气观念研究的复兴。到元明时,研究者愈见增多,并出现怀疑和反对的声音,明中后期则发展成瞿九思、朱载堉等人对候气说的猛烈批判。The concepts and experiments of houqi （＂ Distinguishing the Vapours＂） changed greatly through the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the 12 pitch pipe houqi experiments in the Imperial Observatory were nearly stopped, although the famous astrono- mer Guo Shoujing studied and tried it. In the Ming Dynasty, the experiments were changed to an 8 pipe device, which were used for predicting crop harvests in 8 different directions. This was very dif- ferent from the earlier experiments. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Cai Yuanding＇s concept of ＂deter- mining the temperament by houqi＂ marked the revival of research on houqi. Through the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, more and more researchers emerged, though voices of doubt and opposition were raised too, culminating in the violent criticism of Qu Jiusi and Zhu Zaiyn.

关 键 词：天文学史 候气 候气室 瞿九思 朱载堉 

分 类 号：N092[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学] P1-092[天文地球—天文学]