排水对三江平原和若尔盖沼泽生态影响的比较  

Comparison of the drainage effects on ecological characteristics in Sanjiang Plain and Zoige Plateau

作　　者：张骁栋[1] 康晓明[1] 李春义[1] 崔丽娟[1] 王小文[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国林业科学研究院湿地研究所湿地生态功能与恢复北京市重点实验室,北京100091

出　　处：《生态学杂志》2015年第7期2030-2040,共11页Chinese Journal of Ecology

基　　金：林业公益性行业科研专项(201304315);国家林业局948项目(2014-4-67);国家自然科学基金项目(31300400);中国清洁发展机制基金赠款项目(2012076)资助

摘　　要：沼泽是重要的湿地生态系统类型之一,蕴藏着丰富的生物和泥炭资源,排干后可开垦耕地、育林或辟为牧场。自20世纪60年代以来,我国农、林、畜牧业发展对土地需求急剧扩大,排水疏干成为自然沼泽湿地退化的主要原因之一。本文比较了中国最大的两处沼泽湿地——三江平原和若尔盖高原沼泽湿地排水前后景观格局、植物群落和土壤特征的变化。排水后三江平原和若尔盖高原沼泽湿地面积减少,出现不同程度沼泽破碎化;植物群落呈现从沼生到中生的演替;土壤表层有机质分解加速,使土壤碳、氮及其他营养元素含量下降。排水后水位下降是使沼泽湿地生态特征发生变化的主要驱动因子。排水后土地利用方式不同,两处沼泽湿地在景观破碎化模式、土壤营养元素变化等方面具有差异。As one of the important wetland ecosystem types, marshes contain rich biological and peat resources. In China, marshes have been transferred into farmland, woodland or pastures af- ter draining since the 1960s, experiencing a dramatic shrink due to the development of agricul- ture, forestry, and livestock~ Drainage became one of the main factors leading to the marsh degra- dation. This paper compared the changes of ecological characteristics, including the landscape, plant communities and soil characteristics after drainage in Sanjiang Plain and Zoige Plateau, the two largest marshes in China. The marshes in both Sanjiang Plain and Zoige Plateau shrunk after drainage The plant communities showed a succession sequence from hydrophyte to mesophyte. The decomposition of soil organic matter was accelerated, leading to the decline of soil carbon, nitro- gen, and other nutrients. The decline of water table was the main factor driving the change of eco- logical characteristics. Due to different land uses after showed different patterns of landscape fragmentation, drainage, Sanjiang Plain and Zoige Plateau as well as the change of soil nutrients.

关 键 词：生态特征 景观格局 植物群落 土壤特征 湿地 

分 类 号：X171[环境科学与工程—环境科学]