我国北方立体种养殖稻田氮素利用率研究  

Nitrogen use efficiency in stereoscopic planting rice field in North China

作　　者：杨亚男[1] 张晓惠[2] 陈红[2] 焦永杰[2] 邓小文[2] 袁雪竹[2] 董菁[2] 杨静[2] 

机构地区：[1]天津工业大学环境与化学工程学院,天津300387 [2]天津市环境保护科学研究院,天津300191

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报》2015年第7期812-822,共11页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：国家重大科技专项课题(2012ZX07203)资助

摘　　要：针对目前我国北方地区农业面源污染严重、氮肥利用率低的现象,选择北方典型稻区——天津市宝坻水稻种植区为研究区,以整个稻田生态系统为基本研究单元,建立氮素输入和输出模型,并以水稻普通种植模式（CK,水稻单作）为对照进行田间试验,研究水稻立体种养殖模式（RF,水稻-鱼-虾-蟹共作＋田埂＋沟渠）氮素的吸收利用率。结果表明,两种水稻种植模式氮素的输入主要来自灌溉、施肥和降雨,其中RF输入氮肥128.25 kg（N）·hm^-2,与CK相比减少11.75 kg（N）·hm^-2,与南方种植水稻地区相比,氮肥施用量减少14%-52%,RF从源头减少氮素输入,降低了营养元素流失风险。CK氮素的输出主要包括土壤固定、氨挥发、侧渗流失和水稻吸收,RF与CK相比,氮素的输出还包括鱼虾蟹的吸收,由于RF特殊的田埂-沟渠生态净化系统,通过侧渗损失的氮素（以NO3--N为主）较CK减少9.33 kg（N）·hm^-2。试验期间,RF和CK氨累积挥发量分别为8.91kg（N）·hm^-2和21.54 kg（N）·hm^-2,RF氨挥发速率为6.9%,比CK低8.5%,比全国平均水平低10.3%;收获期,RF与CK相比,水稻产量增加6.65%,表明稻田养殖鱼虾蟹不会降低水稻产量。RF氮素利用率为64.3%,比CK高19.7%,既实现了水稻丰产,又减少了氮素流失。因此,在满足水稻灌溉需求的北方地区,可以开展水稻立体种养殖模式,以控制北方地区农业面源污染。To control serious agricultural non-point source pollution and improve use efficiency of nitrogen（N） fertilizer in North China, this study investigated nitrogen use efficiency in different planting patterns of paddy fields in a typical rice cultivation zone in Baodi of Tianjin City. With an entire paddy field ecosystem as the basic research unit, N migration and transformation model in paddy field was established based on N input and output. In order to explore N uptake and use efficiency in conventional rice field pattern（CK： rice monoculture） and stereoscopic planting rice field pattern（RF： rice-fish-shrimp-crab co-culture ＋ bund ＋ ditch）, a field experiment was conducted to analyze the characteristics of N input and N output. The differences in N use efficiency and yield of rice between two paddy planting patterns were investigated too. Results showed that N input of two rice field patterns was mainly from irrigation, fertilization and precipitation. N input from fertilizer in RF system was 128.25 kg（N）·hm^-2, 11.75 kg（N）·hm^-2 less than that of CK, and was 14%-52% less than that of other rice planting regions in South China. In RF system, N input at source was limited, thus reducing the risk of nutrient loss. N output of CK system was composed of soil fixation, ammonia volatilization, N loss via lateral seepage, and crop N uptake. In addition to components of N output of CK, N output of RF system contained N absorptions by fishes, shrimps and crabs. Due to special bund-ditch ecological purification in RF system, N loss through lateral seepage dropped by 9.33 kg（N）·hm^-2 and NO3--N was the main form of lateral seepage. N loss via ammonia volatilization in RF and CK systems was 8.91 kg·hm^-2 and 21.54 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Ammonia volatilization rate in RF system accounted for 6.9% of total amount of applied fertilizer, which was 8.5% less than that in CK and 10.3% less than the national average. Compared with CK, RF system harvested 6.65% higher rice yield. N uptake by ri

关 键 词：北方稻区 立体种养殖 氮输入/输出 氨挥发 侧渗 氮素利用效率 

分 类 号：X171[环境科学与工程—环境科学] X592