唐宋时期敦煌大众的道教知识与思想——以敦煌文献为中心的研究  

The Taoist Knowledge and Thought of Dunhuang People in the Tang and Song Dynasties——A Study Based on Dunhuang Documents

作　　者：杨秀清[1] 

机构地区：[1]敦煌研究院,甘肃敦煌736200

出　　处：《敦煌研究》2015年第3期74-87,共14页Dunhuang Research

摘　　要：通过对敦煌藏经洞出土道教文献的研究,笔者认为唐宋时期敦煌大众的道教思想主要表现在以下几个方面:(一)道教的仪式、方法、技术成为唐宋时期敦煌大众祈福禳灾所依据的主要知识与技术;(二)道教的数术方伎背景,使得以阴阴五行为核心的宇宙观念、宇宙的自然运行和人生祸福相同一的观念、由此决定的秩序观念,通过道教的大众化传播,成为敦煌大众普遍奉行的指导生活实际的观念,是敦煌大众知识与思想体系中不可缺少的一部分,对敦煌的社会生活产生了重大影响;(三)道教建立的区分信仰者"善"与"恶"的教义、戒律、规则等,由于其与古代传统伦理道德观念的一致性,成为唐宋时期敦煌大众的伦理知识与思想观念,影响着敦煌大众的社会生活;(四)由道教的"承负"观念引发的道教"功德"思想及善恶报应思想,成为人们积累功德、获得福报的信仰力量,因而成为唐宋时期敦煌大众基本的道教知识与思想。A study of the Taoist documents found in the Dunhuang Library Cave suggest that the people of Dunhuang during the Tang and Song dynasties were mainly concerned with four aspects of Taoism, the first being Taoist ceremonies, as Taoist methods and paraphernalia were widely used to pray for blessings and avoid disasters. The second are divination and alchemy, which greatly helped popularize various Taoist worldviews such as belief in Yin-Yang and the five elements, the idea that the natural running of the universe is consistent with the fortune of life, and the idea of order in the world determined by the above mentioned philosophies. These beliefs were very important to the people of Dunhuang： they guided people’s day to day life, became an indispensable part of the knowledge and ideological system of Dunhuang people, and greatly influenced the social life of Dunhuang at the time. The third aspect includes the disciplines and rules established by Taoism to differentiate “good” from “evil,” which, due to the consistency of Taoism and traditional moral concepts, became a moral compass for Dunhuang people that naturally influenced social life at Dunhuang. Fourth and finally, Taoist ideas of “merits” and poetic justice, which originated from the Taoist idea that the disasters or blessings people will receive are determined by natural laws, had become a powerful faith that motivated people to accumulate merits and obtain blessings.

关 键 词：唐宋时期 敦煌大众 道教思想 

分 类 号：B959[哲学宗教—宗教学]