中国现代化历程中的十次留学潮  

Ten Wives of Students Abroad Coincided with China's Entire Modernization Process

作　　者：姚蜀平[1] 

机构地区：[1]美国哈佛大学费正清中国研究中心

出　　处：《科学文化评论》2015年第2期34-67,130,共34页Science & Culture Review

摘　　要：本文概述了从19世纪首次官派幼童留美,直到21世纪新生代留学的十次留学潮,历时140余年,伴随着中国现代化的整个历程。19世纪中叶洋务运动起始的第一次官派幼童留美伴随着以器物(经济)变迁为主的现代化运动;其后第二次留欧潮已由经济变迁转向政治变迁;20世纪初带来了辛亥革命的第三次留学潮是数万人留日;而第四次庚款留美带来了文化变迁;带来无产阶级革命的留法勤工俭学为第五次留学潮,抗战前后留美留欧第六次留学潮为中国现代化提供人力储备;五十年代留苏(第七次)和同阶段台湾大规模留美(第八次)为海峡两岸现代化提供了人力资源。改革开放后迎来的第九次留学潮和新世纪第十次留学潮是当代现代化主力。This paper begins with the first wave of Chinese Youth sent by Government to study in the US in 19th century, and ends with 21st century new age students aboard. The paper covers total ten different waves of study abroad over period of over 140 years that coincided with China＇s entire modernization process. From mid- nineteen century during ＂the Westernization Movement＂ , the first official dispatch of US bound Youth students followed closely with Modernization Movement that characterized by the focus on change in goods （economy）; In the second wave, study abroad in Europe, the focus shifted from economical to political changes; The third wave of study abroad in the early 20th century before the ＂Revolution of 1911＂ seen tens of thousands students went to Japan; The fourth wave to the US, result of ＂the Boxer Indemnity＂ , brought changes in culture; ＂Work-Study in France＂ is the fifth wave of study abroad that brought Proletarian Revolution; The sixth wave to Western nations surrounded Sino-Japanese war provided human resource reserve for China＇s modernization process; During the Fifties, Soviet bound from mainland （seventh wave） and US bound from Taiwan （eighth wave） provide manpower needed for modernization drive on both sides of the strait. The ninth wave of study abroad after ＂Reform and Open＂ and the Tenth wave of new century are main force of current modernization.

关 键 词：中国 现代化 留学 归国潮 文化交流 变迁 

分 类 号：F431.26[经济管理—产业经济]