谁的真实性?——泸沽湖的旅游凝视与本土认同  

Whose Authenticity? Tourist Gaze and Local Identities in Lugu Lake

作　　者：魏雷[1,2] 钱俊希[1,2] 朱竑[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]华南师范大学地理科学学院,广东广州510631 [2]华南师范大学文化产业与文化地理研究中心,广东广州510631

出　　处：《旅游学刊》2015年第8期66-76,共11页Tourism Tribune

基　　金：国家自然科学基金"转型时期中国城市新移民的地方感与文化身份认同研究--以珠三角为例"(41171125)和"跨境民族的流动性;空间生产与文化建构--云南世居民族案例"(41261031)资助~~

摘　　要：旅游建立在对地方异质性的消费凝视之上,游客认为旅游地"他者文化"拥有真实的本质属性,并应将旅游地的视觉差异和文化真实属性封存保留,在游客到来时再自然地呈现。而现代性与旅游消费如影相随,本地人更是主动迎合游客,借助创造舞台化的"真实性"以求得物质条件的改善,并与城市平等享有现代性带来的福利。旅游开发中的真实性由此成为悖论。该文以泸沽湖旅游区域为案例,使用质性研究方法,探讨游客与旅游地居民摩梭人对真实性理解的差异与矛盾。在真实性研究中强调本地人的视角,致力于将本地人的地方文化价值观纳入主流话语体系当中。从对真实性的索求来看,游客基于自身利益对旅游地持有建立于感官体验的保守的地方感,对真实性的理解与前现代、原始、贫穷有关。而摩梭人一方面创造舞台化的真实性以供游客消费,一方面也批判游客将地方真实性与贫穷等同。他们在地方变化的过程中对自我身份进行反思,在传统与发展之中不断调适,他们所理解的真实性是依附于自身族群身份之上的文化实践与地方实践,是一种动态与进步的文化与地方观点。Tourism is a process that tourist gaze on the cultural differences exhibited by particular places. Urry＇ s thesis of tourist gaze lends support to this point of view; and, according to other theories on the nature of tourism, modern people are disenchanted by the ＂inauthenticity＂ of cultures and representations in the modern world, and they, therefore, embark on an endless search of ＂other＂ places scripted by radical cultural difference and allegedly authentic cultures, customs and practices. In this view, tourists tend to view others＇ cultures as possessing essential authentic attributes. However, it has been widely criticized that tourists＇ understanding of authentic otherness can be superficial and that they advocate the preservation of cultural authenticity simply for their desiring gaze. At the same time, the native people create staged authenticity that caters to the tourists in order to gain development and material progress. In other words, ＂pre-modern＂ authenticity is repackaged and sold as a channel to nothing less than ＂modernization＂; and tourists, as per this understanding, fall prey to the vicissitude of fantasy created by the tourism industry. Nevertheless, a constructionist perspective tends to break away with this somehow reductive point of view, and argues that authenticity is a social construction that accommodates historically contingent appeals and needs. This paper agrees that authenticity consumed by tourists is not necessarily replica of absolute ＂reality＂, but rather socially and contextually assembled and negotiated. Furthermore, this paper suggests that research on authenticity has been largely lopsided on an etic perspective, while largely ignoring the emic perspective that may helps to understand how indigenous people negotiate and come to terms with the notion of authenticity. Indigenous communities who are expected to exhibit cultural authenticity are in reality actively exploring the possibilities of their identities and subjectivities, which contribute t

关 键 词：真实性 旅游凝视 发展权利 地方 身份认同 

分 类 号：F592.7[经济管理—旅游管理]