句子生成的拍摄角度及其在句子结构上的反映  

Perspective and Syntax: The Camera Angle of Sentence-Formation and Its Reflection in Sentence Structure

作　　者：久野暲 杨文江[2] 

机构地区：[1]哈佛大学 [2]南开大学

出　　处：《日语学习与研究》2015年第4期1-16,共16页Journal of Japanese Language Study and Research

摘　　要：在描述一个事件时,说话人可以用多种方式表达他对事件参与者的态度(或曰拍摄角度)。譬如有这样一个情境,一位名叫John(约翰)的大学生打了他的室友Bil(l比尔),说话人可以用以下方式进行描述:(1a)John hit Bil(l约翰打了比尔);(1b)John hit his roommate(约翰打了他的室友);(1c)Bill's roommate hit him(比尔的室友打了他);(2a)Bill was hit by John(比尔被约翰打了);(2b)Bill was hit by his roommate(比尔被他的室友打了);(2c)??John's roommate was hit by him(??约翰的室友被他打了)。这些句子的逻辑内容完全相同,但在拍摄角度上各有差异。尤其需要注意的是(2c)为边缘句,或者说只有在特殊条件下才成立。本文首先构建一套制约句子生成的拍摄角度原则,然后考察不同的英语句式,这些句式如果不使用这些原则就无法解释它们成立或不成立的原因。我们还将说明(i)日语能够使用各种语法手段明确指定说话人在生成句子时所采用的拍摄角度,而且(ii)日语在某些特定条件下必须使用这样的手段。本文最后将讨论拍摄角度原则的跨语言特征,尽管这些原则在句法中起作用的场合会因语言而异。In describing an event, the speaker can represent his attitude, or camera angle, towards its participants in numerous ways. For example, given a situation in which a college student named John hit his roommate Bill, she can describe this situation, for example, in the following ways：（1a） John hit Bill;（1b） John hit his roommate;（1c） Bill＇s roommate hit him;（2a） Bill was hit by John;（2b） Bill was hit by his roommate;（2c） John＇s roommate was hit by him. These sentences are identical in their logical content, but they differ from each other with respect to camera angles. What requires special attention is the fact that（2c） is marginal or unacceptable without any special context. Using sentences（1a-c） and（2a-c）, this paper first establishes a set of principles that control camera angles in sentence formation. It then examines various English sentence patterns whose acceptability/unacceptability status cannot be accounted for without these principles. It then shows not only（i） that Japanese is a language that can use various grammatical devices which overtly specify the camera angles that the speaker has taken in sentence formation, but also（ii） that Japanese is a language which must use such devices under certain conditions. The paper concludes with observations on the cross-linguistic nature of the camera angle principles, although where these principles play a role in syntax might be different from language to language.

关 键 词：视角 视点 移情 话语原则 长距离反身代词 语序原则 被动化 相互动词 

分 类 号：H36[语言文字—日语]