作为程序的正义——纯粹程序正义的历史性辩护  

Justice as procedure:To defend purely procedural justice in a historical perspective

作　　者：王晓升[1] 

机构地区：[1]华中科技大学哲学系

出　　处：《国际社会科学杂志（中文版）》2015年第1期82-98,共17页International Social Science Journal（Chinese Edition）

摘　　要：传统上,人们认为在道德上得到辩护的分配方式就是正义的。但是,不同的道德理论是相互冲突的。于是,现代哲学从程序出发而不是从某种道德立场出发探讨正义的分配方式。对诺齐克来说,只要人们按照一定的限制性条件即按照正当的程序来获取或者转让财富,那么分配就是正义的。但是,他却忽视了获取或者转让的结果会妨碍其后的获取或者转让的程序。科恩认为,即使按照这样的限制性程序来转让或者获取,仍然会产生不正义的结果。对他来说,诺齐克所设置的条件是不合理的。罗尔斯的弱程序主义思路在一定程度上改进了这个条件。但是,在诺齐克看来,罗尔斯的这个程序设计是最终一状态的原则控制着的程序。这就需要进一步改进程序。改进程序是一个历史的过程,需要人们在商谈中完成。然而,这种商谈也需要一定的程序。只有按照一定的规则进行商谈,即按照哈贝马斯的民主和法治原则,正义才是有可能的。Traditionally,it is believed that a mode of distribution would be just if it were justified morally.Different theories of morality,however,are in conflicts.Therefore,modern philosophy begins with procedure rather than a moral position to discuss the just mode of distribution.For Nozick,distribution would be just so long as wealth were obtained or transferred under certain restrictions,i.e.,in appropriate procedure.However,he ignored the results from obtainments or transfers might become obstacles in the procedure of subsequent obtainments or transfers.G.A.Cohen believed that unjust outcome would still come out even though obtainments or transfers were carried out in such restrictive procedure.For him,the preconditions set by Nozick are irrational.Rawls' line of weak proceduralism improves the conditions to some extent.For Nozick,however,Rawls' design of procedure is a procedure under the control of the endstate principle.That means procedure needs to be improved further.The improvement is a historical process and has to be completed in negotiations.Such negotiations,however,also need a procedure.Justice is possible only negotiations are carried out under certain rules,i.e.,Habermas' principles of democracy and rule-of-law.

关 键 词：纯粹程序正义 历史性 辩护 道德理论 正义观念 哲学立场 平均主义 功利主义 

分 类 号：B82-05[哲学宗教—伦理学]