特大型露天煤矿土地损毁生态风险评价  

Ecological risk assessment of land destruction in large open-pit mine

作　　者：孙琦[1] 白中科[1,2] 曹银贵[1,2] 谢苗苗[1,2] 胡兴定[1] 姜彦竹[1] 卢元清 

机构地区：[1]中国地质大学土地科学技术学院,北京100083 [2]国土资源部土地整治重点实验室,北京100035

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2015年第17期278-288,共11页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家"十二五"科技支撑计划(2012BAC10B04-03);2012年山西省科技重大专项项目(20121101007)

摘　　要：露天矿在"剥-采-运-排-复"生产活动中的土地损毁对矿区生态系统产生直接和间接的危害或影响。该文以山西安太堡露天煤矿为例,将土地损毁过程作为矿区的风险源,通过构建黄土区特大型露天煤矿生态风险因果链,建立其综合生态风险的评价模型。根据露天煤矿不同土地损毁类型及矿区生态系统状态,利用生态遥感指数、实测数据与GIS空间分析方法进行风险源与风险受体评价,应用综合评价模型得出矿区综合风险值。结果表明:1)矿区土地损毁高生态风险区主要集中在未复垦的排土场,本身极不稳定,主要存在的风险为扬尘污染、水土流失、地质灾害等;2)已复垦排土场和工业场地由于多年实施复垦及管护措施,逐步恢复稳定性,而部分外排土场在早期排土过程中,由于排土工艺不合理以及后期管护不当,导致土壤和植被退化,风险相对较高;3)露天采区的生态风险性较小,其生态敏感度属于中值区,受土地损毁影响较大,人类活动对其产生剧烈扰动。该研究将矿区生态风险进行量化,实现了风险值的空间化和可视化,有利于制定基于不同风险值的分级分区防范措施。Integration management model for mining includes five steps： stripping, mining, transportation, dump piled up and reclamation. There is immediate and indirect impact on ecosystem from land destruction in mining area. In this paper, a comprehensive assessment model was used to explore the ecological risk value as exemplified by Antaibao open-pit mine of Shanxi province, China. In recent years, most researches are done for ecological risk assessment from the perspective of landscape ecology and the risk of heavy metal contamination. However less attention has been paid to the comprehensive risk assessment in the coal mining area. The mining area ecological system is easy to be disturbed and more complicated than general regions. The establishment of the ecological risk assessment model of land destruction ecological risk value（ERV） mainly includes two aspects： the effect of Antaibao opencast coal mining exploitation and ecological sensitivity of mining area. The larger environment influence of mining area by mining exploitation, the higher risk the ecological system would have. On the other hand, if the ecological system is more sensitive and fragile, the resistance and the ability to recover are lower. In this paper, we divided the study area into 30 m by 30 m grid unit and evaluated each unit to realize the mapping and classification of eco-risk in mining area. First, mining area ecological risks were identified from two aspects, production process of the mining and land destruction type in mine area. A typical open-pit mine ecological risk causal chain in Loess Plateau Region was constructed. Second, ecological index based on remote sensing and land-use type was developed specially for assessing mining area ecological sensitivity. The index was combined with six indicators which were adjusted by the important ecological indicators frequently used in assessing regional ecology and special ecological situation in mining area. Third, the data of the cumulative effect evaluation of land destruction and GIS-b

关 键 词：土地复垦 煤矿 生态 生态风险评价 土地损毁 生态敏感度 安太堡矿 

分 类 号：TD88[矿业工程—矿山开采] X826[环境科学与工程—环境工程]