大小Stroop任务下的双向干扰效应  

Bidirectional Interferences in a Large-small Stroop Task

作　　者：陈安涛[1] 林瑞文[2] 何春红[3] 张灵聪[2] 郝兴昌[2] 

机构地区：[1]西南大学心理学部,认知与人格教育部重点实验室,重庆400715 [2]闽南师范大学教育科学学院,漳州363000 [3]浙江师范大学教师教育学院,金华321004

出　　处：《中国科学：生命科学》2015年第11期1140-1147,共8页Scientia Sinica(Vitae)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(批准号:61431013,31170980,81271477)资助

摘　　要：在认知控制的研究中,自动化理论是解释干扰效应产生机制的主流观点.不过,该理论基本是围绕如何解释单向干扰而发展出来的,缺乏对双向干扰产生机制的深入探讨.另一方面,双向干扰的稳定性和普遍性也有待研究.本研究设计了一个新任务,大小Stroop任务,以调查双向干扰.该任务同时向被试提供两类信息,语义(字义)的"大"和"小",以及视觉(字号)的"大"和"小",构成一致(字义与字号相同)和不一致(字义与字号不同)两类刺激.要求被试分别以口头和按键两种方式根据字义或字号作反应,发现两种反应方式下都出现了双向干扰(字义显著地干扰字号,字号反过来也显著地干扰字义).本研究在不改变刺激、被试和实验程序的情况下,在口头和按键两种反应方式下均获得了双向干扰,首次有力地证明了双向干扰是一种普遍存在的现象.根据本研究的任务特点和实验结果,对认知控制的自动化理论做了一定的发展:在自动化连续体上增加了阈限假设,既区分了自动加工和受控加工,也区分了不同程度的自动加工.发展后的理论既能充分地说明单向干扰也能较好地解释双向干扰.In the studies of cognitive control, the automatical theories are popular to interpret the generation of interferences. However, they are basically developed to address uni-directional interferences. The generation mechanisms of bidirectional interferences are still unclear. On the other hand, the stability and universality of bidirectional interferences need to be strictly examined. In the present study, we designed a novel congruity task, the large-small Stroop task, to investigate bidirectional interferences. This task included two dimensions of size information, semantic ＂large＂ and ＂small＂, visual ＂large＂ and ＂small＂, by which two kinds of stimuli（congruent and incongruent） were generated. Subjects were instructed to execute orally reporting or manually pressing to specific target information（semantic or visual size）, and the results showed that there were bidirectional interferences under the two response ways. Therefore, the present study strongly demonstrated that bidirectional interferences are robust and universal phenomena. Based on the present task parameters and results, we developed the automatic theories for cognitive control. We added a threshold hypothesis in the continuum of automaticity, by which we can separate controlled processing from automatic processing, and also differentiate high automatic processing and low ones. The analyses and discussions showed that the updated theory can accommodate both uni-directional and bidirectional interferences.

关 键 词：认知控制 大小Stroop任务 双向干扰 自动化连续体 

分 类 号：B842[哲学宗教—基础心理学]