自由即自为——一种被忽视的萨特现象学本体论视角  

Freedom is For-itself: An Ignored Perspective of Sartre's Phenomenological Ontology

作　　者：屈明珍[1] 

机构地区：[1]中南大学马克思主义学院,长沙410083

出　　处：《华东师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2015年第6期89-97,167,共9页Journal of East China Normal University（Humanities and Social Sciences）

摘　　要：在《存在与虚无》一书中,萨特通过现象学方法回到了本体论问题,即关于存在的问题。他认为,存在问题不是传统意义上的"存在之存在",即那个作为一切存在基础和本质的存在,而是"显现的存在"即关于现象的存在方式以及现象是如何显现的问题,由此形成了他独特的现象学本体论。与传统本体论不同的是,萨特的现象学本体论既是现象学的又是本体论的,是一种作为现象学的本体论。萨特在对传统本体论进行现象学的改造中,区分了两种存在:自在的存在和自为的存在。自在存在"是其所是",而自为存在"是其所不是,又不是其所是",在自为存在的本体论结构中有一种"虚无化"的意义,一种"虚无化"的能力,它能使其所"是"变成其所"不是",让其所"不是"变为其所"是",而这种"虚无化"的意义和能力来自于意识原初的"虚无"。意识原初的"虚无"是自为对自身在场和内在否定得以可能的基础,它使自在存在得以揭示,使自在与自为两个独立的存在领域得以联系,是自为存在的绝对自由的本体论根源。In Being and Nothingness,Sartre returns to the ontological problem of being from phenomenology. For him,the problem of being doesn't mean 'being as being',namely,the basic and essential being of all beings; on the contrary,it means 'the being of the appearance',namely,the existent way of the phenomena and how they appear. In this way,he develops his special phenomenology. Sartre's phenomenological ontology is different from the traditional one since it is both phenomenological and ontological. Sartre makes a distinction between two types of being,that is,the 'being in-itself'and the 'being for-itself'. Being in-itself is 'being what it is'; being for-itself is 'being what it is not'while at the same time it is 'not what it is'.There is an ability of'nihilization'in the ontological structure of being for-itself,which can make'being what it is'become 'being what it is not',or 'being what it is not'become 'being what it is'. This ability comes from the original 'nothingness'of consciousness. The original 'nothingness'of consciousness is the foundation that makes it possible for being for-itself to be itself on the one hand and to deny itself internally on the other,and it reveals being in-itself and connects the two independent domains of being in-itself and being foritself. Above all,it is the ontological source of the absolute freedom of being for-itself.

关 键 词：萨特 虚无 自由 现象学 本体论 

分 类 号：B565.53[哲学宗教—外国哲学]