Morphology, flight performance, and water crossing tendencies of Afro-Palearctic raptors during migration  

作　　者：Nicolantonio AGOSTINI Michele PANUCCIO Cristian PASQUARETTA 

机构地区：[1]MEDRAPTORS (Mediterranean Raptor Migration Network), Via Mario Fioretti 18, 00152 Rome, Italy [2]University of Pavia, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia (PV), Italy [3]Universit6 de Strasbourg, IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg, France [4]CNRS, UMR7178, 67037 Strasbourg, France

出　　处：《Current Zoology》2015年第6期951-958,共8页动物学报（英文版）

摘　　要：Raptors primarily use soaring-gliding flight which exploits thermals and ridge lifts over land to reduce energetic costs However during migration, these birds often have to cross water surfaces where thermal currents are weak; during these times, birds mainly use flapping （powered） flight which increases energy consumption and mortality risk. As a result, some species have evolved strategies to reduce the amount of time spent over water by taking extensive detours over land. In this paper, we con- ducted a meta-analysis of water-crossing tendencies in Afro-Palearctic migrating raptors in relation to their morphology, their flight performance, and their phylogenetic relationships. In particular, we considered the aspect ratio （calculated as the wing span squared divided by wing area）, the energetic cost of powered flight, and the maximum water crossing length regularly performed by adult birds. Our results suggest that energy consumption during powered flight predominately affects the ability of raptors to fly over water surfaces

关 键 词：Water crossing Aspect ratio Powered flight MIGRATION RAPTORS Wing tip 

分 类 号：V212.13[航空宇航科学与技术—航空宇航推进理论与工程] X144[环境科学与工程—环境科学]