崇明西沙湿地土壤石油类污染物季节变化特征及其对植被类型的影响  

Seasonal Variation and Influence of Vegetation Types on Petroleum Pollutants in the Soil of Chongming Xisha Wetlands

作　　者：张树栋[1] 翁辰[1] 黄慧琴[1] 张秋卓[1] 任雪丽[1] 丁驰[1] 

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学生态与环境科学学院,上海市城市化生态过程与生态恢复重点实验室,上海200241

出　　处：《生态环境学报》2016年第2期300-306,共7页Ecology and Environmental Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31400513);上海市自然科学基金面上项目(12ZR1409100)

摘　　要：随着人类开采石油量的增加、海上交通运输的发展、海底溢油事故的发生以及工业民用废水排放的日益增长,海洋环境承受着来自外界的巨大危害。并且,海洋中的石油类污染物由水体迁移至土壤,给周边土壤也带来极大影响。石油类物质已成为崇明西沙湿地土壤主要的污染物之一。基于此,于2014年3月至12月在崇明西沙湿地设置5个采样点,利用紫外分光光度计、GC-MS等仪器对石油类污染物的浓度和组分进行测定,研究了土壤石油类污染物含量随季节变化的情况及其对植被类型的影响,并对污染物组分和来源进行解析。结果表明,湿地土壤石油类污染物主要以碳原子数小于8的饱和直链烷烃和饱和支链烷烃为主,同时还含有少量的烯烃、含氧杂环、含氮杂环等物质。该地区石油类污染物平均含量为47.3 mg·kg^(-1),其中春季最高,秋季最低;单因子污染指数为0.079~0.155,土壤尚处于清洁水平。湿地土壤石油类含量呈现季节性变化,与外源输入、海上作业及微生物的分解作用有关。3种植被群落土壤和光滩石油类污染物含量各异,且随季节变化明显,其中光滩群落土壤石油类污染物含量最低,芦苇群落土壤石油类污染物含量最高,且4个季节均明显高于其它群落,分析其原因可能是芦苇特殊的根系结构对石油有较好的截留和吸附作用。As increasing of petroleum exploiting, marine transport development, oil spilling occurrences and wastewater effluent,ocean environment is suffering enormous detriment. The petroleum pollutants in ocean could be transferred to soil by runoffpollution, thus influencing surrounding soil environment. Petroleum contaminant is one of the main pollutants in the soil ofChongmingxisha wetlands. Five soil sampling sites were selected in Chongmingxisha wetlands to analyze its petroleum pollutantsamong four vegetation in different seasons by GC-MS and UV spectrophotometer from Mar. 2014 to Dec. 2014. Meanwhile, thesource of petroleum contaminants was also discussed. The results showed that petroleum pollutants were mainly constituted ofsaturated straight-chain alkanes and saturated branched alkanes whose carbon atom numbers were less than eight. A small amount ofolefin, oxygen-containing heterocyclic and nitrogen heterocyclic were also included. The average content of petroleum pollutants inthis area was 47.3 mg·kg-1 with the highest value in spring and the lowest value in autumn. The single factor pollution index was0.079~0.155, which indicated that the soil in Chongmingxisha wetland is clean now. The petroleum pollutants content in this areachanged a lot in different seasons, which might be influenced by exogenous input, offshore operation and microorganismdecomposition. Furthermore, there was an important influence of different vegetation types on petroleum pollutants in differentseasons. The lowest petroleum pollutants content occurred in barren wetland whereas the highest petroleum pollutants contentoccurred in reed wetland, which might because reed roots were more effective for entrapment and adsorption of petroleum pollutants.

关 键 词：石油类污染物 季节变化 植被类型 崇明西沙湿地 

分 类 号：X144[环境科学与工程—环境科学] X17