碳排放的国家责任核算方案  

National Carbon Emission Responsibility

作　　者：彭水军[1] 张文城[2] 卫瑞[3] 

机构地区：[1]厦门大学经济学院国际经济与贸易系,邮政编码361005 [2]南开大学经济学院国际经济研究所,邮政编码300071 [3]中国科学院数学与系统科学研究院,邮政编码100190

出　　处：《经济研究》2016年第3期137-150,共14页Economic Research Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目"气候变化与国际贸易问题研究"(13&ZD167)的阶段性研究成果;国家自然科学基金面上项目(71373218);教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目(13JZD010)的资助

摘　　要：在生产分散化和贸易自由化的背景下,基于领地责任原则的传统碳排放核算体系存在先天缺陷,如何构建更为合理公平的碳核算方案已成为气候谈判和学术研究的焦点和热点。本文基于MRIO模型框架梳理和拓展了已有的各种碳排放责任核算指标和责任分担方案,并以WIOD为数据基础,对1995—2009年40个国家和地区的碳排放责任进行综合评估和比较分析。研究发现,美国、欧盟、日本的消费侧排放责任显著高于其生产侧排放责任,而中国、印度、俄罗斯则恰好相反,存在突出的"南北国家碳排放转移"问题。因此,现行国际气候制度没有考虑贸易的转移排放和消费者责任,而仅仅依据领地排放来核算各国的排放责任,这既不利于减排效率也有失公平。与传统的领地排放指标相比,各种责任分担方案均提高了美国、欧盟、日本等主要发达经济体的排放责任,大部分分担方案降低了中国、印度、俄罗斯、印度尼西亚等发展中经济体的排放责任。不过,目前各种责任分担方案的实践还面临诸多重大挑战,本文最后讨论了亟待解决的几个重要问题。Due to increasing production fragmentation and trade liberalization, carbon accounting approach based on territorial responsibility principle shows inherent drawbacks on efficiency and equity. Carbon accounting based on responsibility-sharing principle has become a hot topic in climate economics. In the present paper, we firstly review briefly various carbon accounting approaches based on single and sharing responsibility principles. Secondly, based on multi- region input-output model and world input-output database, we assess and compare the carbon responsibilities of major economies based on various accounting approaches. Results show that all accounting approaches based on responsibility- sharing principle raise carbon responsibilities of the US, EU, and Japan, while most of them lower responsibilities of China, India, Russia, and Indonesia. Finally, we discuss the crucial problems which need to be solved to facilitate application of various responsibility sharing accounting approaches.

关 键 词：碳核算方案 生产侧排放 消费侧排放 责任分担原则 

分 类 号：X196[环境科学与工程—环境科学]