国际海上货物运输承运人责任基础的强制性发展  

The Mandatory Development of the Carrier Responsibility Basis in the International Carriage of Goods by Sea

作　　者：胡绪雨[1] 

机构地区：[1]南开大学法学院,天津300071

出　　处：《现代法学》2016年第1期153-163,共11页Modern Law Science

摘　　要：国际海上货物运输承运人责任基础的强制性演进,是随着托运人与承运人间谈判势力持续对比变化而发展的,其统一与变革体现了不同历史时期的政策目的与法律价值。航海过失免责的存废,是由各个历史时期的经济发展水平和航海技术状况所决定的,集中反映了承运人责任基础的变化。加重承运人的强制性责任,折中于各国际公约的完全过失责任是社会化班轮运输业的发展趋向,是建立公平的国际经济新秩序的需求。《鹿特丹规则》所确立的承运人责任基础趋向严格化和规范化,顺应了国际航运发展实际,通过承运人责任基础的变革和举证责任再分配或重新安排,以达到新的利益公平与平衡,对于促进航运技术进步和国际贸易均衡发展具有积极意义,对国际航运市场秩序具有重要影响。The evolution of the carrier responsibility basis in the international carriage of goods by sea was accompanied by changes and development of negotiation ability between the shippers and the carriers. The uni- fication and transformation of the basis represent the policy objectives and legal values in different historical pe- riods, and have important implications for international shipping orders. The full negligence liability, compro- mised between each international conventions which increased the carrier＇s liability, is the development trend of socialized liner transportation, and the demands to establish an equitable new international economic order. Aldaough the mandatory basis of carrier liability plays an important role in the fair distribution of risk and re- sponsibility between the ship and cargo, and the protection of particular interests of one party or balancing of interests of both, the mandatory institutional gaps are focused on fixed terms, which would prevent the parties form achieving the goal of cost-effectiveness. Whether to cancel the compulsory basis of carrier liability depends mainly on the equality of negotiation ability between the two sides. Volume contracts in the Rotterdam rules cre- ated the freedom of contract and new directions for long-term cooperation, and the basis of the carrier liability may be changed to the period of freedom of contract. It represents the development trend in the future to build a carrier liability system which is limited by a minimum maritime safety or public order.

关 键 词：责任基础 国际公约 严格责任 过失责任 批量合同 

分 类 号：D996.19[政治法律—经济法学]