牛耕起源和早期的牛耕  

Research on the Origin of Cattle Ploughing and Its Early Stages in the Ancient China

作　　者：刘兴林[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京大学历史学院,江苏南京210046

出　　处：《中国农史》2016年第2期29-38,共10页Agricultural History of China

基　　金：国家社科基金"先秦两汉农业与乡村聚落的考古学研究"(11BKG010)

摘　　要：在牛耕起源问题上,牛的驯化和驾驭、犁架的形成、相关套牛技术的出现是三个密切相关的要素,缺一不可。我国新石器时代晚期即已有人力牵拉的犁架。家牛驯化很早,至迟到商代开始驾驭和役使牛。夏商以马驾车,套驾技术可以借鉴。牛耕是随着最晚成熟的要素之后发生的。根据牛耕起源三要素的形成情况,把我国牛耕发生的时间定在商代应是比较可信的。目前牛耕起源的春秋说似成定论,但春秋时期牛耕已反映到人名当中,肯定不是牛耕的发生期。西周春秋是牛耕的早期阶段,战国开始进入到推广期。On the origin of cattle ploughing, the acclimatization and control of cattle, the formation of plow frame, and the emergence of related sets of cattle control technology are three closely related and indispensable elements. Manual pulling plow frame already existed in the late Neolithic period of China. Domestication of cattle appears early and the control and use of cattle started no later than Shang dynasty. Carriage has been used in the Xia and Shang dynasties by looking at the sets of horse control frame. Cattle ploughing ap- pears following the last maturation of the elements. According to the formation of the three elements of the ori- gin of cattle ploughing, it is more probable that cattle ploughing originated in the Shang dynasty. At present, it seems doubtless that cattle ploughing originated in the Spring and Autumn period, but cattle ploughing has been reflected in people＇s names during this period, hence, this is not the occurrence period of cattle ploughing. The early stages of cattle ploughing are from the Western Zhou period to the Spring and Autumn period and it starts to expand in the Warring States period.

关 键 词：牛耕 商代 犁架 套驾 

分 类 号：S0-9[农业科学] K207[历史地理—历史学]