地表覆盖对旱地小麦氮磷钾需求及生理效率的影响  

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Requirement and Their Physiological Efficiency for Winter Wheat Affected by Soil Surface Managements in Dryland

作　　者：何刚[1] 王朝辉[1,2] 李富翠[1] 戴健[1] 李强[1] 薛澄[1] 曹寒冰[1] 王森[1] 刘慧[1] 罗来超[1] 黄明[1] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]西北农林科技大学旱区作物逆境生物学国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2016年第9期1657-1671,共15页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(41401330);国家重点基础研究发展计划(2015CB150404);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-3-1-31);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303104;201103003);农业科研杰出人才培养计划

摘　　要：【目的】研究地表覆盖对黄土高原旱地冬小麦氮磷钾需求和生理效率的影响,为促进黄土高原旱地冬小麦高效优质生产提供可靠的理论依据和实践经验。【方法】通过田间试验,以裸地休闲为对照,研究地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖、种植绿肥和秸秆覆盖+种植绿肥对冬小麦籽粒产量、籽粒养分含量、籽粒产量形成和籽粒养分含量形成的氮磷钾需求及生理效率的影响。【结果】地膜覆盖降低了籽粒产量形成的需氮量,提高了籽粒产量形成的氮生理效率,从而使冬小麦籽粒产量显著增加6%;秸秆覆盖降低了地上部吸氮量,使籽粒产量减少7%;种植绿肥和秸秆覆盖+种植绿肥提高了籽粒产量形成的氮磷钾养分需求量、降低了籽粒产量形成的养分生理效率,从而使籽粒产量均减少5%。地膜覆盖提高了籽粒氮含量形成的需氮量,降低了氮生理效率,从而使籽粒含氮量降低8%,地膜覆盖增加了地上部吸钾量,使籽粒含钾量增加4%;秸秆覆盖的籽粒含氮量降低4%,但它的籽粒磷和钾含量分别提高6%和4%,这与降低籽粒磷钾含量形成的养分需求量、提高磷钾生理效率有关;种植绿肥提高了籽粒氮含量形成的氮生理效率,从而使籽粒氮含量增加8%;秸秆覆盖+种植绿肥对籽粒氮和磷含量无显著影响,但籽粒含钾量增加4%,归因于提高了籽粒钾含量形成的钾生理效率。【结论】地膜覆盖降低籽粒产量形成的需氮量,提高籽粒产量形成的氮生理效率,从而提高籽粒产量;但增加了籽粒氮含量形成的需氮量、降低了籽粒氮形成的氮生理效率,不利于籽粒含氮量提高。秸秆覆盖不利于作物养分吸收,从而影响籽粒产量和养分含量形成。种植绿肥和秸秆覆盖+种植绿肥提高了籽粒氮磷钾养分需求量、降低它们的生理效率,从而降低籽粒产量。种植绿肥可提高籽粒氮含量形成的氮生理效率,从而提高籽粒氮含量。因此,【Objective】 The objective of the study was to determine the effects of soil surface managements on nitrogen（N）, phosphorus（P） and potassium（K） requirements and their physiological efficiencies for the grain yield formation and nutrient accumulation of winter wheat in dryland.【Method】 A field experiment was carried out to study the effects of plastic film mulching（PM）, straw mulching（SM）, planting green manure（GM）, and straw mulching plus planting green manure（SGM） on winter wheat grain yield, grain N, P and K concentrations, their requirements and physiological efficiencies for grain yield formation and nutrient accumulation.【Result】 PM decreased N requirement and increased N physiological efficiency for grain yield formation, and thus increased grain yield by 6%. SM decreased crop N uptake, so it decreased the grain yield by 7%. Grain yield was also decreased by 5% with both the GM and SGM, which could be explained by increased nutrient requirement and decreased physiological efficiency for grain yield formation. Grain N concentration was decreased by 8% with the PM, which was associated with the increased N requirement for grain N accumulation and decreased its physiological efficiency. PM increased crop K uptake, and then increased grain K concentration by 4%. SM decreased grain N concentration by 4%, whereas it increased grain P and K concentration by 6% and 4%, respectively, and this was caused by the decreased P and K requirement, and increased their physiological efficiencies for the grain nutrient accumulation. Grain N concentration was increased by 8% with the GM, which was observed to be linked to the increased N physiological efficiency for grain nutrient accumulation. SGM had no effect on the grain N and P concentration, whereas it increased the grain K concentration by 4% due to the increased K physiological efficiency for grain nutrient accumulation. 【Conclusion】 Overall, PM decreased the N requirement and increased the N physiological efficiency for grain

关 键 词：旱地 地表覆盖 籽粒产量 养分含量 养分需求量 生理效率 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]